Public Health, Health Services, Institutions, and Organizations Flashcards
1986
When the Ottawa Charter for Health Promotion launched and what many considered to be a new era in public health.
Public Health Agency of Canada’s Mission
To promote and protect the health of Canadians through leadership, partnership, innovation, and action in public.
Public Health Agency of Canada’s Vision
Healthy Canadians and communities in a healthier world.
Public Health Agency Values
1) Respect for Democracy
2) Respect for People
3) Integrity
4) Stewardship
5) Excellence
The Role of the Public Health Agency of Canada
1) Promote health.
2) Prevent and control chronic diseases and injuries.
3) Prevent and control infectious diseases.
4) Prepare for and respond to public health emergencies.
5) Serves as a central point for sharing Canada’s expertise with the rest of the world.
6) Apply international research and development to Canada’s public health programs.
7) Strengthen intergovernmental collaboration on public health and facilitate national approaches to public health policy and planning.
Public Health Ontario’s Vision
Internationally recognized evidence, knowledge, and action for a healthier Ontario.
Public Health Ontario’s Mission
We enable informed decisions and actions that protect and promote health and contribute to reducing health inequities.
Public Health Ontario’s Mandate
Provide scientific and technical advice and support to clients working in government, public health, health care, and related sectors.
Public Health Ontario’s Areas of Expertise
1) Chronic disease prevention.
2) Diseases of public health significance.
3) Emergency preparedness and response.
4) Environmental and occupational health.
5) Health promotion.
6) Immunization.
7) Infection prevention and control.
8) Injury prevention.
9) Knowledge exchange.
10) Microbiology and genomics.
11) Public health informatics.
Public Health Ontario’s Services
1) Analytics and data visualization.
2) Guidance and interpretation for laboratory testing and test results.
3) Library services.
4) Outbreak investigation and management.
5) Professional development and education.
6) Public health and reference laboratory services.
7) Public health ethics.
8) Research and evaluation.
9) Scientific and technical advice, consultation, and interpretation.
10) Surveillance and population health assessment.
Public Health Ontario’s Values
1) Credible (trust in what we do)
2) Innovation (creative solutions)
3) Responsive (taking action)
4) Collaborative (stronger together)
5) Integrity (acting honestly and ethically)
6) Respect (valuing others)
Public Health
The art and science of preventing disease, prolonging life, and promoting health through the organized efforts of society. Aims to improve health, prolong life, and improve the quality of life through health promotion, disease prevention, and other forms of health intervention. Focus on the population, not individuals. In Canada, it is the shared responsibility of the federal, provincial/territorial, and municipal governments.
Public Health Agency of Canada
The main agency of public health at the federal level. Coordinates joint response and communicates internationally.
Chief Public Health Officer
The deputy head and lead public health professional for the federal government. Communicates with the chief medical officers of health in the provinces and territories.
Public Health (Provinces and Territories)
Administered through ministries/departments of health with an appointed chief medical officer of health.
Public Health (Municipal)
Managed by regional health authorities, public health units, and health centers.
Emergence of Public Health
1) Industrialization
2) Urbanization
3) Exploitation
4) Colonization
5) Spread to Local Communities
6) Infectious Diseases
John Snow
A physician known for trying to understand the outbreaks of cholera in the UK. Is known as the father of epidemiology. By using mapping skills, he was able to identify a pump that was the source of the cholera. He didn’t know about germ theory.
Friedrich Engels
A friend of Karl Marx who funded his work. Known for the Condition of the Working Class in England which looked at the living conditions of working class people and saw that there were high rates of infectious disease and blamed the working conditions (ie. low pay) for the poor health outcomes.
Rudolf Virchow
Advocated for socialist policies. Said that the health of individuals is determined by working conditions and that it is the government’s responsibility to protect the health of individuals (aka. social determinants of health).
History of Public Health in Canada
1) Infections in colonies.
2) First public health office: 1882 in Ontario.
3) Canadian Public Health Association (1910).
4) Federal Department of Health (1919) ← in response to the Spanish Flu.
Tainted Blood Scandal
In Canada donating blood is not reimbursed financially in order to prevent the spread of disease. Blood supply was tainted with Hep C.
SARS Epidemic
The federal government had no data regarding the active SARS cases in Canada resulting in poor action management.
Naylor Report
A response to the Tainted Blood Scandal. Identified that the fragmentation of health services results in poor action management, how collaboration between the provinces, territories, and federal government is necessary, and that someone needs to be accountable when things go wrong.
Collaborative Federalism
When the federal government collaborates with provinces and territories.
Federal Level - Public Health Agency of Canada
1) Health Promotion
2) Health Surveillance
3) Prevention and Control of Disease and Injury (ex. recalls)
4) Preparedness and Response to Public Health Emergencies
5) Health Protection
6) Population Health Assessment
Public Health Ontario
1) Advice and Consultation
2) Continuing Education and Professional Development
3) Health Emergency Preparedness
4) Information Management
5) Research Ethics and Evaluation
6) Surveillance and Population Health Assessment
Medical Industrial Complex
A set of private and public institutions that work together to provide healthcare services. Ex. doctors, nurses, pharmacies, therapists, dentists, hospitals, non-medical staff in hospitals, public health, pharmacies, pharmaceutical companies, imaging centers, clinics, dental services, and labs for blood work. Ie. if it involves health or medicine, it is part of the medical industrial complex.
Development of Medical Knowledge
Bedside Medicine → Hospital Medicine → Laboratory Medicine → Surveillance Medicine
Bedside Medicine
Power imbalance. Patients were upper class while doctors were lower class. Impression management. Medical knowledge and interpersonal skills. Competition with other healers. Used fancy latin terms to showcase knowledge (make them seem smarter than they actually are).
Hospital Medicine
Industrialization and urbanization (high rates of homelessness and lack of public sanitation). There was a change in social relations and a new power imbalance. Rise of hospitals where the poor and sick were mostly treated resulting in physicians having more power. Going to hospitals was like going somewhere to die. The goal was to understand underlying biophysical defect ex. pathological lesion within the body (less holistic approach, more specific and direct treating). Rise of surgery. Rise of asylums and mental health, where the rich would go.
Flexner Report (1910)
Flexner recorded how various medical schools taught medicine and saw that it was very inconsistent. Resulted in curriculum being consolidated and had required courses. Many medical schools closed and universities became the dominant form of medical education. Result, it became very expensive and selective. Hospitals started to be designed and run to be more appealing to the public.
Hoteling Services
Middle/upper class patients (can pay more for better services ex. better patient suites).
Laboratory Medicine
The social relations of healing moved out of the hospital ward and into the research laboratory. Focus on the cause of disease (microscopic search for cellular pathology). Disease as a biochemical process. Using tests to make a diagnosis, not symptoms. Higher accuracy in diagnosis, but can lead to a misdiagnose by not considering the patient.
Surveillance Medicine
Focus on risk factors, medicalization of our lives, the quest for staying healthy, remission society, and blurring the line between ill and healthy.
Types of Care
1) Primary Care (first point of contact with the healthcare system ex. family doctor, nurse practitioners, midwives. Are gate-keepers of other medical services in Canada. Focuses on preventive care and cost containment).
2) Secondary Care (care provided in hospitals, hospital care clinics, and specialists).
3) Tertiary Care (rehabilitation and specialized care (over long periods of time) ex. dialysis).
Services Provision
1) Primary Care
2) Dental Care
3) Inpatient Care (when the patient stays overnight at a hospital)
4) Pharmaceutical Care
5) Long-Term Care
6) Palliative Care
7) Mental Health Care
8) Rehabilitation Care
9) Emergency Care
10) Ambulatory Care (same day care ex. day surgery)
CAM
6 Functions of Public Health
1) Population Health Assessment
2) Health Promotion
3) Disease and Injury Control and Prevention
4) Health Protection
5) Surveillance
6) Emergency Preparedness and Epidemic Response
Health Systems
Organizations designed to address the health requirements of certain populations.
Primary Care
Describes the activity of medical practitioners who serve as all patients’ initial points of contact within the healthcare system ex. a family doctor.
Acute Care
A type of secondary care that is required for a brief time in order to treat a dangerous but transient disease, accident, or other medical condition ex. emergency department or therapist.
Tertiary Care
A facility that has staff and resources for advanced medical investigation and treatment, such as a tertiary referral hospital, provides tertiary care, which is specialized consultative health care typically provided to inpatients on referral by a main or secondary health professional. Ex. the management of cancer, neurosurgery, heart surgery, plastic surgery, therapy for serious burns, advanced neonatology services, palliative care, and other intricate medical and surgical procedures.
Quaternary Care
Referring to highly skilled, in-demand levels of medicine. Includes experimental medicine and some rare diagnostic or surgical techniques.
