Immigration, Culture, and Ethnicity Flashcards
Interpersonal Racism
Biases for and against others based on race.
Institutional Racism
Embedded into the structures of society. Leads to people of different races to have different outcomes regarding housing, employment, health, finance, and education.
3 Main Barriers to Healthcare
1) Organizational Barriers
2) Structural Barriers
3) Clinical Barriers
Organizational Cultural Competence Interventions
Are efforts to ensure that the leadership and workforce of a health care delivery system is diverse and representative of its patient population ex. leadership and workforce diversity initiatives.
Structural Cultural Competence Interventions
Are initiatives to ensure that the structural processes of care within a health care delivery system guarantee full access to quality health care for all of its patients ex. interpreter services, culturally and linguistically appropriate health education materials.
Clinical Cultural Competence Interventions
Are efforts to enhance provider knowledge of the relationship between sociocultural factors and health beliefs and behaviours and to equip providers with the tools and skills to manage these factors appropriately with quality health care delivery as the gold standard ex. cross-cultural training.
Healthy Immigrant Effect (HIE)
Finds that immigrants are healthier than the Canadian-born population at their time of arrival but this health advantage, possibly due to difficulties in adjusting to new environments, stress, and/or adoption of risky health behaviours, diminishes over time.
Iceberg of Morbidity
1) Visible Morbidity (formal health care (what gets recorded in statistics))
2) Unmeasured Morbidity (self-treated symptoms and daily symptoms (what doesn’t get recorded into statistics))
Systems of Social Inequalities
Interlocking systems of oppression and intersectional analysis.
Ethnicity
A result of a dialectical process that emerges from the interactions between individuals and those who they meet as they pass through life. Individuals can have a portfolio of ethnic identities.
Race
People who share certain common physical traits deemed to be socially significant.
Racialization
The social processes by which certain groups of people are singled out for unequal treatment on the basis of real or imagined physical characteristics.
Theories On Ethnic Differences In Health
1) Biological Deterministic Explanations (genes and physiology)
2) Cultural Behavioural Explanations
3) Socioeconomic Explanations
Zborowski (1969)
Ethnic differences in the meaning attached to pain and in response to pain.
Healthy Immigrant Effect
Recent immigrants are healthier (and consequently, they use the health care system less) than their Canadian-born counterparts but over time this health status advantage decreases.
Reasons For the Healthy Immigrant Effect
1) Immigration requirements require healthy applicants.
2) Applicants are already well-off individuals (high income and education).
Age At Migration Has An Impact On
1) Functional Health
2) Self-Rated Health
Immigrants’ Health Status
Defined by discrimination, racism, and social location.
Factors That Impact Immigrants’ Health
1) Differential Exposure
2) Differential Vulnerability
3) Ethnicity Effect (how we report our health status)
4) Salmon Bias (immigrants may leave to different countries or go back home)
Access to Health Care
1) Discrimination
2) Racism
3) Language Barriers
4) Knowledge About Services
5) System Navigation
6) Cultural Beliefs and Practices
Culturally Sensitive Care
Has cultural competence, cultural humility, and cultural safety.
Cultural Competence
To educate health care providers about the way in which cultural beliefs and practices impact the patient.
Cultural Humility
Makes us mindful about the variety of different cultures and that people practice their culture in different ways.
Cultural Safety
To recognize that it is up to health care providers to create a safe space for individuals from other cultures.
