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FINALS > Public Health > Flashcards

Public Health Flashcards

1
Q

Define health behaviour

A

Behaviour aimed at preventing disease

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2
Q

Define illness behaviour

A

Behaviour aimed at seeking remedy

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3
Q

Define sick role behaviour

A

Behaviour aimed at getting well

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4
Q

Three models of behaviour change

A

Transtheoretical model
Theory of planned behaviour
Health belief model

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5
Q

Stages of transtheoretical model

A 
Precontemplation
Contemplation
Preparation
Action
Maintenace
Relapse
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6
Q

Stages of theory of planned behaviour

A 
ASP
-attitudes
-subjective norms
-perceived behaviour control
Affect 
-intention
Which affects
-behaviour
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7
Q

What factors affect the intention to behaviour

A

P PAIR

  • prepatory actions
  • percieved control
  • anticipated regret
  • implementation actions
  • relevance to self
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8
Q

Stages of health belief model

A 
No stages just factors. 
Percieved
-susceptibility to ill health
-severity of ill health
-benefits of behaviour change
-barriers to taking action
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9
Q

Three domains of public health

A

Health protection
Health improvement
Improving services

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10
Q

Define health protection

A

Measures to control infectious diseases and environmental hazards

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11
Q

Define health improvement

A

Social interventions aimed at preventing disease, promoting health and reducing inequality

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12
Q

Define improving services

A

Organisation and delivery of a safe high quality service

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13
Q

Three approaches to resource allocation

A

Egalitarian
Maximising
Libertarian

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14
Q

Define egalitarian approach to resource allocation

A

Provide all care that is necessary and required to everyone

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15
Q

Define maximising approach to resource allocation

A

Resources allocated to those most likely to benefit

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16
Q

Define libertarian approach to resource allocation

A

Each individual is responsible for their own health

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17
Q

Define need

A

The ability to benefit from an intervention

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18
Q

Define felt need

A

Individual perceptions of deviations from normal health

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19
Q

Define expressed need

A

Seeking help to overcome variation in normal health

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20
Q

Define normative need

A

Professional defines intervention for expressed need

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21
Q

Define comparative need

A

Comparison between severity, interventions and cost

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22
Q

Define supply

A

What is provided

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23
Q

Define demand

A

What people ask for

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24
Q

What are the steps of maslows pyramid

A 
Physiological
Safety
Love and belonging
Esteem
Self actualisation
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25
Q

3As and 3Es of maxwells dimensions for assessing the quality of a service

A

Accessible
Appropriate
Acceptible

Equity
Efficient
Effective

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26
Q

Define health

A

A state of complete physical, mental and social wellbeing and not merely the absence of disease

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27
Q

PROGRESS wider determinants of health

A 
Place of residence
Race
Occupation
Gender
Religion
Education
Socioeconomic status
Service availability
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28
Q

Define inverse care law

A

The availability of health and social care tends to vary inversely with the need of the population served

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29
Q

Define equality

A

Concerned with equal shares

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30
Q

Define equity

A

What is fair and just

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31
Q

Define horizontal equity

A

Equal share for equal need

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32
Q

Define vertical equity

A

Unequal share for unequal need

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33
Q

Define health needs assessment

A

A systematic approach for reviewing the health issues affecting a population which leads to agreed priorities and resource allocation that will impprove health and reduce inequality

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34
Q

4 steps of a health needs assessment

A

Needs assessment
Planning
Implementation
Evaluation

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35
Q

State three approached to health needs assessment

A

Epidemiological
Comparative
Corporate

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36
Q

Describe epidemiological approach to health needs assessment

A

Defines problem and size of the problem, looks at current service provision and suggests improvements

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37
Q

Describe comparative approach to health needs assessment

A

Compares services received by one population with those received by another

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38
Q

Describe corporate approach to health needs assessment

A

Considers the views of all key stakeholders e.g. staff, politicians

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39
Q

Define domestic abuse

A

Any incident or pattern of incidents of controlling, coercive or threatening behaviour, violence or abuse between two adults over the age of sixteen who are or have been close family members or intimate partners, irrespective of age, gender or sexual orientation

40
Q

Define standard risk of domestic abuse

A

Does not indicate risk of serious harm

41
Q

Define medium risk of domestic abuse

A

Indicators of risk of serious harm

42
Q

Define high risk of domestic abuse

A

Imminent risk of serious harm

43
Q

Which tool is used for assessment of domestic abuse risk

A

DASH

44
Q

4 Questions for medical negligence

A

Was there a duty of care?
Was there a breach in that duty of care?
Was the patient harmed?
Was the harm due to the breach in duty of care?

45
Q

What is the bolam rule of medical negligence

A

Would a reasonable doctor do the same?

46
Q

What is the boltiho rule of medical negligence

A

Would that be reasonable

47
Q

Define never events

A

Serious, largely preventable patient safety incidents that should not occur if available preventative measures have bene implemented

48
Q

Examples of error

A 
Fixation and loss of perspective
Communication breakdown
Poor team working
Playing the odds
Bravado/timidity
Ignorance
Mistriage
Lack of skill
System error
Sloth
49
Q

Name three error models

A

Swiss cheese model
Three buckets approach
Systems approach

50
Q

Define screening

A

Identifying apparently well individuals who have (or are at risk of having) a particular disease

51
Q

State the wilson and junger screening criteria

A

Disease

  • important
  • known natural history
  • early treatment better than late

Test

  • acceptable to the public
  • facilities available
  • simple, safe and precise

Outcome

  • ongoing feasability
  • treatment available
  • cost benefit analysis
52
Q

Heirachy of study design

A 
Case report
Case series
Cross sectional
Case control
Cohort
RCT
Systematic review
53
Q

Bradford Hill factors to assess causality

A 
Biological plausability
Temporal relationship
Dose response
Reversibility
In keeping with existing literature
Strength of association
Specificty
Consistency
54
Q

Define bias

A

A systematic error that results in deviation from the true effect of an exposure on an outcome

55
Q

Define confounders

A

Risk factors other than those being studied which influence the outcome

56
Q

Define selection bias

A

Discrepancy of who is involved

57
Q

What are three examples of information bias

A

Measurement bias
Recall bias
Reporter bias

58
Q

Define publication bias

A

Some trials are more likely to be published than others

59
Q

Define diversity

A

Diversity means appreciating the differences between people and treating peoples values, beliefs, cultures and lifestyles with respect

60
Q

Define aristotle virtues

A

Courage and integrity
Skill
Knowledge
Judgement

61
Q

Define intuitive thinking

A

Able to understand instantly without conscious reasoning

62
Q

Define analytical thinking

A

Measured and calculated, basis of evidence based medicine

63
Q

4 leadership styles

A

Inspirational
Transformational
Transactional
Laissez Faire

64
Q

P<0.05

A

Statistically significant result so the null hypothesis can be rejected

65
Q

The confidence interval does not cross 1

A

So the outcome is unlikely to be due to chance

66
Q

Define economic efficiency

A

Resources allocated in a way to maximise benefit

67
Q

Three approaches to economic evaluation

A

Cost effectiveness analysis
Cost utility analysis
Cost benefit analysis

68
Q

Unit of measure for cost effectiveness analysis

A

BP readings improving

69
Q

Units of measure for cost utility analysis

A

QALYs

70
Q

Units of measure for cost benefit analysis

A

Measured in monetary cost

Benefits=money

71
Q

Define incidence

A

New cases in an allotted period of time

72
Q

Define prevalence

A

Existing cases at a set point in time

73
Q

Define relative risk

A

Ratio of risk of disease in the exposed to the risk of the disease in the unexposed

74
Q

Define attributable risk

A

The rate of disease in the exposed that may be attributed to the exposure

75
Q

Define relative risk reduction

A

Reduction in the rate of the outcome in the intervention group relative to the control group

76
Q

Define number needed to treat

A

Number of patients needed to treat to prevent one bad outcome

77
Q

How to calculate number needed to treat

A

1/Absolute risk reduction

78
Q

Define sensitivty

A

Percentage correctly identified with the disease

79
Q

Define specificity

A

Percentage correctly excluded as disease free

80
Q

Define positive predictive value

A

Percentage of those with a positive test that actually have the disease

81
Q

Define negative predictive value

A

Percentage of those with a negative test who are actually disease free

82
Q

Primary prevention

A

Prevent disease before it ever occurs

83
Q

Secondary prevention

A

Treat a disease early and stop it getting worse/ recurring

84
Q

Tertiary prevention

A

Trying to improve quality of life and improve symptoms of a disease you already have

85
Q

Utilitarianism

A

Act is evaluated solely in terms of its consequences

86
Q

Virtue ethics

A

The morality of an action is based on the character of the person doing it

87
Q

Deontology

A

The morality of an action based on the actions adherence to rules

88
Q

Define autonomy

A

Capacity of a rational individual to make an informed decision

89
Q

Define non maleficence

A

Do no harm

90
Q

Define beneficence

A

Action that is done for the benefit of others

91
Q

Define justice

A

Fairness

92
Q

Ethical arguements

A

Top down deductive

Bottom up inductive

93
Q

Doctrine of dual effect

A

Normally, if you carry out an action knowing that X is a likely consequence of that act then the law regards you as intending to cause X.

94
Q

5 focal virtues

A 
Compassion
Discernment
Trustworthiness
Integrity
Conscientiousness
95
Q

Two approaches to ethical analysis

A

Seedhouse ethical grid

Four quadrants approach

96
Q

Four quadrants approach to ethical analysis

A
  1. medical indications
  2. patient preferences
  3. contextual features
  4. quality of life

FINALS (8 decks)

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