Public Health Flashcards by Ten Okpaise

Bernardino Ramazzini

established of occupational health as a subdiscipline of public health

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mass screening

emphasizes that the given screening test covers the entire potentially affected population

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Which organization developed the Public Health Code of Ethics describing the valid ethical principles of public health activity?

American Public Health Association

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Relative Risk

it is a measure of the incidence observed among the exposed subjects to the incidence of unexposed population

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Attributable risk (AR)

the excess risk fraction of the exposured against non-exposured
AR = incidence among exposed - incidence among non-exposed.

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Population attributable risk

incidence in the entire population - incidence of non exposed

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Odds-ratio

it is the probability ratio of exposure among cases and controls

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Early infant (neonatal) death

0-27 days

0-6 days - early neonatal, 7-27 days - late neonatal

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Late infant (postneonatal) death

28th day - 1 year

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What is the formula can be used to calculate the excess mortality rate?

(O - E) / E × 100

expected number of deaths: E, observed number of deaths: O

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What is the formula can be used to calculate relative excess mortality rate (REMR

(O - E) / O × 100

expected number of deaths: E, observed number of deaths: O

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Standardized mortality ratio (SMR)

SMR = observed number of deaths/ expected number of deaths× 100

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ICD-10 classification

classifies diseases into standardized classes based on international criteria
It uses an alphanumeric code system.

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The prevalence of hypertension among men aged 65-74 in Hungary

48-72%

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The amount of the physiological daily sodium chloride requirement is approximately

1-2 g

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reactive depression

Reactive depression is a mood disorder triggered by a specific stressful event.

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Which of the two regions have the most increased risk of suicide-related deaths in Hungary?

Northern Great Plain and Southern Great Plain

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North Karelia Project

The North Karelia Project was started in 1972 as a national pilot and demonstration programme for CVD prevention

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What vaccine should be given to newborns of HbsAg-positive mothers?

passive immunization and active immunization against hepatitis B

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Which of the following procedures is not used for sterilization?

A) γ-radiation
B) ethylene oxide
C) autoclaving

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Which of the following infections should be reported urgently?

typhus abdominalis, cholera, poliomyelitis, lyssa, pestis

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How long should epidemiological surveillance be done for a persons in close contact with an infected patient?

The duration of the epidemiological surveillance is 7 days for dysenteria, for campylobacteriosis 5 days, 21 days for typhus abdominalis and 30 days for hepatitis A infection.

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Inapparent infection

A subclinical infection — sometimes called a preinfection or inapparent infection — is an infection that, being subclinical, is nearly or completely asymptomatic.

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Choriomeningitis lymphocytica

Lymphocytic choriomeningitis (LCM) is a rodent-borne viral infectious disease that presents as aseptic meningitis, encephalitis or meningoencephalitis.

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How many days pass before the onset of Lassa infection occurs?

7-10 days

What is the mean age of patients with vCJB (variant CJD)

29-30 years

The mean age of patients with classical CJB?

mainly affects the elderly

Reducing ozone concentration by 1% in the stratosphere will increase the incidence of skin cancer by:

People with hyperthyroidism are not allowed to be employed/work with exposition of (to?) which of the following heavy metal

Mercury

Poisoning with which acute high-dose pesticide poisoning causes fever of 40° C?

dinitro-o-cresol

Drinking water containing low level of magnesium will increase the incidence of the what diseases

Heart attack

Symptoms of tri-thiocyl phosphate poisoning

after 2-4 weeks of the first symptoms (vomiting, diarrhea) paralysis of the lower limbs may occur that is usually reversible

The nitrate concentration of drinking water for infants to drink

40 mg / l

Which compounds can be excreted into the breast milk?

A) alcohol B) Nicotine C) dioxin D) PCB Due to their lipophilic characteristic

Can phenol be excreted into the breast milk?

No due to its hydrophilic component

What is the survival time of the geohelminths’ eggs in the soil

2-3 years

Limit of nitrite concentration

0.5 mg / l

Compounds involved in the effects caused by the Los Angeles-type smog?

A) aldehydes B) ozone C) hydrogen peroxide D) peroxyacetyl nitrate

The permissible cumulative annual equivalent dose of workers exposed to ionizing radiation

20 mSv / year

Affects of vinyl chloride

* sclerodermic changes of the fingers | * formation of liver hemangiosarcomas

Carbamates

Carbamates are insecticides classified as toxic or highly toxic compounds. These organic phosphates are cholinesterase inhibitors, but their effect is reversible and lasts for short time. In case of acute poisoning, administration of reactivators (toxogonin) is prohibited (its intake will worsening the symptoms)

What kind of radiation cause the cataracts of smeltery workers?

infrared radiation

What is the lowest frequency in which hearing loss can be detected by audiometry

range of 4000 to 8000 Hz

decibel

the level of the sound pressure.

The pain threshold related to sound pressure level is

130 dB

What is DDT?

It is a chlorinated hydrocarbon

What does Polychlorinated biphenyls induce ?

It induces the microsomal enzymes of the liver

What vitamins are important in the elderly?

Vitamin B12, vitamin D, folic acid

Which tobacco ingredient is responsible for the development of smoking-related vascular diseases?

Nicotine, this acts as an acetylcholine agonist.

Which vitamin plays an essential role in iron absorption?

Vitamin C

The recommended maximum fat intake as a percentage of total energy intake according to WHO is approximately

30%

Which is the most common food poisoning in Hungary nowadays?

Campylobacteriosis

How many active family doctors work in adult basic care in Hungary approximately?

5000

The tasks related to blood provision are managed by what service?

Hungarian National Blood Transfusion Service (HNBTS)

Main points of the Bismarck's health insurance system

contribution is in relation to income, care is based on needs; the care is granted for those who are paying the contribuition

The definition of health defined by Stokes et al

1) anatomical integrity 2) ability to be "valuable" for the family, in the workplace and in society 3) ability to overcome physical, biological and social burdens/stress (challenges?)

How does the treatment threshold depend on the benefit and risk of the treatment?

* treatment threshold = 1 / [benefit / risk +1] | * treatment threshold = risk / (benefit + risk)

If the result of a diagnostic test is dichotomized, then the probability ratio (PR) is:

PR (+) = sensitivity / (1 - specificity) | PR (-) = (1-sensitivity) / specificity

Breast screening is recommended when in Hungary

For women aged 45-65 & it is biannually

Haddon's strategy

In 1973 Haddon proposed ten strategies or countermeasures for reducing and avoiding damages based on a model of potential harmful energy transfer.

Characteristics of the IPV vaccine

1) it contains inactivated viruses | 2) the last vaccine is being given to children of 6 years old in Hungary

If botulism infection is suspected, then the following samples should be sent to the laboratory

* food leftovers | * blood

Clearance investigations are required in case of infection with the following pathogen

1) Salmonella enteritidis 2) Salmonella typhi 3) Vibrio cholerae

Which wastes can not be destroyed by incineration?

1) radioactive waste 2) Waste containing more than 40% chlorine 3) which causes the formation of carcinogenic substances during incineration 4) which have heavy metal content of more than a few percent

Which of the listed substances could cause hematopoietic cancer in humans due to their chronic exposure?

Benzene

Which gas(es) can cause pulmonary oedema when inhaled at high concentration?

Phosgene & Fluorine

Cadmium of the soil is accumulated which plants?

1) Tobacco plant 2) leafy vegetables 3) Potato 4) Cereals

What heavy metals have human mutagenic effect?

cadmium & chromium

Which are the characteristics of London-type smog?

It is reducing type smog. | Sulfur dioxide plays a role in its mechanism.

Which metabolite detected in the urine refers to benzene exposure during biomonitoring?

phenolic acid & muconic acid

Stochastic effects

Effects that occur by chance and which may occur without a threshold level of dose, whose probability is proportional to the dose and whose severity is independent of the dose.

Which of the followings are among the main objectives of the European Health Strategy 2008-2013?

Protecting the health of the aging population & Support of dynamic health systems and new technologies for the sustainable development of health systems

What is the most common cause of death in Hungary?

Cardiovascular disease

Pyrethroid toxicity

Pyrethroid toxicity in humans can be due to occupational exposure through skin contact or inhalation of sprays or ingestion of pyrethroid compounds. Common reported symptoms included facial paraesthesia, skin itching, skin burning, dizziness, nausea, vomiting, and more severe cases of muscle fasciculations.

Sick Building Syndrome

a common worldwide health concern, where people in a building suffer from symptoms of illness or become infected with chronic disease from the building in which they work or reside. The outbreaks may or may not be a direct result of inadequate cleaning or inappropriate cleaning methods.