Public Health 2

Question 1

What 5 categories can the signs of stress be divided into?

Answer 1

Biochemical, physiological, behavioural, cognitive and emotional

Question 2

What two changes are biochemical signs of stress?

Answer 2

Increased cortisol and change in endorphin levels

Question 3

Physiological signs of stress?

Answer 3

Shallow breathing, increased BP, increased acid production in stomach

Question 4

Increase in absenteeism, smoking & alcohol, altered eating and sleep disturbance are all signs of which kind of stress?

Answer 4

Behavioural

Question 5

Tension headaches, negative thoughts and loss of concentration are all signs of what kind of stress?

Answer 5

Cognitive

Question 6

What are the signs of emotional stress?

Answer 6

Tearful
Mood swings
Irritable
Aggressive
Bored

Question 7

Define ‘epidemiology’

Answer 7

The study of distribution and determinants of health related events in specific population

Question 8

A TIA can last over 24 hours. True or false?

Answer 8

False, a TIA lasts under 24 hours whereas a stroke is a disturbance of cerebral function for over 24 hours

Question 9

What factors have influenced the increasing ageing population?

Answer 9

• increased life expectancy
• better medicine, sanitation, nutrition and housing
• decline in premature mortality
• decreasing number of children per family (women working/cost increase/infertility w. Age)

Question 10

Name three types of dementia

Answer 10

Alzheimer’s, vascular dementia, Lewy bodies

Question 11

What are the terms for negative and positive stress?

Answer 11

Distress = negative stress
Eustress = positive and motivating stress

Question 12

Name two health conditions that frequently result from obesity?

Answer 12

Type 2 diabetes*
Hypertension*
CHD*
High cholesterol 
Stroke

Question 13

What factors increase likeliness of obesity?

Answer 13

⬆️diet
⬆ car culture
⬆ work hours (⬇️time for exercise and ⬆time spent stationary)
⬆consumption of food
NB: more common in lower social class for women (with men it varies)

Question 14

Define co-morbidity

Answer 14

Co-occurrence of two or more physical or mental health conditions

Question 15

Treatment for diabetes

Answer 15

⚫️ self monitoring
⚫ diet
⚫ exercise 
⚫ drugs
⚫ education

Question 16

What caused CKD?

Answer 16

? hypertension
? diabetes
? drug toxicity

Question 17

What are some risk factors for disease in LEDCs?

Answer 17

? underweight 
? unsafe sex
? poor water sanitation 
? zinc, iron and vit A deficiencies 
? high blood pressure 
? malnutrition

Question 18

Risk factors for disease in developed countries?

Answer 18

? tobacco
? high BP
? alcohol consumption 
? high cholesterol 
? High BMI

Question 19

Human error - adverse effect = ?

Answer 19

Results in harm to patient

Question 20

Human error - near miss = ?

Answer 20

Potential to do harm but doesn’t

Question 21

What are the two types of human error and what is meant by each?

Answer 21

Skill based = routine task - carried out with little attention
OR
Rule based = incorrect plan/course of action

Question 22

5 consequences of malnutrition?

Answer 22

? Loss of muscle tissue and strength
? reduced immune response/increased infection
? poor wound healing
? loss of mucosal integrity
? psychological decline - depression/apathy

Question 23

3 methods to improve/maintain nutritional intake?

Answer 23

? Oral nutrition support
? Enteric gut feeding
? Parenteral nutrition (=IV)

Question 24

Equation for BMI ?

Answer 24

Weight(kg)/height^2(cm)

Question 25

Psychological principles of eating disorders?

Answer 25

1. Judge self-worth on shape/weight/control
2. Control of weight more controllable than other aspects of life
3. Individual vulnerability + challenges of adolescence = triggers
4. Thinness - competence, attractive, control, independence