Public Health 2 Flashcards
What 5 categories can the signs of stress be divided into?
Biochemical, physiological, behavioural, cognitive and emotional
What two changes are biochemical signs of stress?
Increased cortisol and change in endorphin levels
Physiological signs of stress?
Shallow breathing, increased BP, increased acid production in stomach
Increase in absenteeism, smoking & alcohol, altered eating and sleep disturbance are all signs of which kind of stress?
Behavioural
Tension headaches, negative thoughts and loss of concentration are all signs of what kind of stress?
Cognitive
What are the signs of emotional stress?
Tearful Mood swings Irritable Aggressive Bored
Define ‘epidemiology’
The study of distribution and determinants of health related events in specific population
A TIA can last over 24 hours. True or false?
False, a TIA lasts under 24 hours whereas a stroke is a disturbance of cerebral function for over 24 hours
What factors have influenced the increasing ageing population?
- increased life expectancy
- better medicine, sanitation, nutrition and housing
- decline in premature mortality
- decreasing number of children per family (women working/cost increase/infertility w. Age)
Name three types of dementia
Alzheimer’s, vascular dementia, Lewy bodies
What are the terms for negative and positive stress?
Distress = negative stress Eustress = positive and motivating stress
Name two health conditions that frequently result from obesity?
Type 2 diabetes* Hypertension* CHD* High cholesterol Stroke
What factors increase likeliness of obesity?
⬆️diet
⬆ car culture
⬆ work hours (⬇️time for exercise and ⬆time spent stationary)
⬆consumption of food
NB: more common in lower social class for women (with men it varies)
Define co-morbidity
Co-occurrence of two or more physical or mental health conditions
Treatment for diabetes
⚫️ self monitoring ⚫ diet ⚫ exercise ⚫ drugs ⚫ education
What caused CKD?
? hypertension
? diabetes
? drug toxicity
What are some risk factors for disease in LEDCs?
? underweight ? unsafe sex ? poor water sanitation ? zinc, iron and vit A deficiencies ? high blood pressure ? malnutrition
Risk factors for disease in developed countries?
? tobacco ? high BP ? alcohol consumption ? high cholesterol ? High BMI
Human error - adverse effect = ?
Results in harm to patient
Human error - near miss = ?
Potential to do harm but doesn’t
What are the two types of human error and what is meant by each?
Skill based = routine task - carried out with little attention
OR
Rule based = incorrect plan/course of action
5 consequences of malnutrition?
? Loss of muscle tissue and strength
? reduced immune response/increased infection
? poor wound healing
? loss of mucosal integrity
? psychological decline - depression/apathy
3 methods to improve/maintain nutritional intake?
? Oral nutrition support
? Enteric gut feeding
? Parenteral nutrition (=IV)
Equation for BMI ?
Weight(kg)/height^2(cm)
