IMMS

Question 1

What two mechanisms bring about variation in meiosis?

Answer 1

Independent assortment and crossing over

Question 2

How can you classify causes of disease?

Answer 2

Genetic, environmental or multi-factorial.

Most are multifactorial.

Question 3

What are the 3 components of a nucleotide?

Answer 3

1 Nitrogenous base, 1sugar and 3 phosphate

Question 4

What are the components of an amino acid?

Answer 4

Central carbon with carboxyl group, amino group, and side chain

Question 5

What are the stages of mitosis?

Answer 5

Prophase 
Prometaphase
Metaphase
Anaphase 
Teleophase 
(Interphase)

Question 6

Primary structure of proteins?

Answer 6

Linear sequences of AAs linked by peptide bonds

Question 7

Secondary structure of proteins?

Answer 7

H-bonds between carbonyl and NH3 group ➡️ folding

Question 8

Tertiary structure of proteins?

Answer 8

3D structure of protein

Question 9

Quaternary structure of proteins?

Answer 9

Combination of multiple protein subunits (peptides) to form overall 3D shape

Question 10

Which portion of an antibody binds an antigen?

Answer 10

The variable domain

Question 11

What is mean by semi-conservative DNA synthesis?

Answer 11

Where new strand of DNA consists of one old strand and one newly synthesised one

Question 12

Describe transcription

Answer 12

Formation of RNA (first stage of protein synthesis)

Question 13

Assembly of AAs in correct sequence according to genetic instructions in mRNA takes place in what stage of protein synthesis ?

Answer 13

Translation (occurs in ribosomes)

Question 14

Name some of the different types of DNA mutations that can occur.

Answer 14

? duplications 
? deletions
? splice site mutation 
? premature stop codon
? mis-sense mutation 
? expansion/trinucelotide repeats

Question 15

What 3 trisomies are compatible with birth?

Answer 15

Downs, Edward’s and Patau

Question 16

Name three types of genetic testing

Answer 16

? diagnostic
? carrier test
? predictive

Question 17

What is meant by ‘anticipation’ in terms of inheritance?

Answer 17

When a hermetic disorder affects successive generations earlier/more severly, usually due to expansion of unstable triplet repeat sequence

Question 18

Define anabolic and catabolic

Answer 18

Anabolic = synthesise larger molecules from smaller components

Catabolic = break down large molecules into smaller components

Question 19

Define BMR

Answer 19

Basal metabolic rate - measure of energy required to maintain non-exercise bodily functions, eg resp, myocardial contractions etc.

= 1kcal/kg body mass/hour

Question 20

Define malnutrition.

Answer 20

Deficiency excess/inbalance if energy, protein and nutrients. Causes measurable adverse affects on tissue/body form, function and clinical outcome

Question 21

Difference between microvilli and cilia?

Answer 21

Microvilli found on absorptive cells whereas cilia are more for motility (eg. In resp and female reproductive tracts)

Question 22

What are the three components of ATP?

Answer 22

Adenine, ribose and (3) phosphate groups

Question 23

What are the three main sets of reactions involved in regenerating ATP?

Answer 23

Glycolysis, Krebs cycle and oxidative phosphorylation

Question 24

What are NAD+ and FAD+ derived from?

Answer 24

NAD from vitamin niacin

FAD from vitamin riboflavin

Question 25

What are three results of fertilisation?

Answer 25

1. Restoration of diploid number of chromosomes
2. Determination of chromosomal sex
3. Initiation of cleavage

Question 26

Where would you find barroerecptors

Answer 26

Aortic arch and carotid sinus