IMMS Flashcards
What two mechanisms bring about variation in meiosis?
Independent assortment and crossing over
How can you classify causes of disease?
Genetic, environmental or multi-factorial.
Most are multifactorial.
What are the 3 components of a nucleotide?
1 Nitrogenous base, 1sugar and 3 phosphate
What are the components of an amino acid?
Central carbon with carboxyl group, amino group, and side chain
What are the stages of mitosis?
Prophase Prometaphase Metaphase Anaphase Teleophase (Interphase)
Primary structure of proteins?
Linear sequences of AAs linked by peptide bonds
Secondary structure of proteins?
H-bonds between carbonyl and NH3 group ➡️ folding
Tertiary structure of proteins?
3D structure of protein
Quaternary structure of proteins?
Combination of multiple protein subunits (peptides) to form overall 3D shape
Which portion of an antibody binds an antigen?
The variable domain
What is mean by semi-conservative DNA synthesis?
Where new strand of DNA consists of one old strand and one newly synthesised one
Describe transcription
Formation of RNA (first stage of protein synthesis)
Assembly of AAs in correct sequence according to genetic instructions in mRNA takes place in what stage of protein synthesis ?
Translation (occurs in ribosomes)
Name some of the different types of DNA mutations that can occur.
? duplications ? deletions ? splice site mutation ? premature stop codon ? mis-sense mutation ? expansion/trinucelotide repeats
What 3 trisomies are compatible with birth?
Downs, Edward’s and Patau
Name three types of genetic testing
? diagnostic
? carrier test
? predictive
What is meant by ‘anticipation’ in terms of inheritance?
When a hermetic disorder affects successive generations earlier/more severly, usually due to expansion of unstable triplet repeat sequence
Define anabolic and catabolic
Anabolic = synthesise larger molecules from smaller components
Catabolic = break down large molecules into smaller components
Define BMR
Basal metabolic rate - measure of energy required to maintain non-exercise bodily functions, eg resp, myocardial contractions etc.
= 1kcal/kg body mass/hour
Define malnutrition.
Deficiency excess/inbalance if energy, protein and nutrients. Causes measurable adverse affects on tissue/body form, function and clinical outcome
Difference between microvilli and cilia?
Microvilli found on absorptive cells whereas cilia are more for motility (eg. In resp and female reproductive tracts)
What are the three components of ATP?
Adenine, ribose and (3) phosphate groups
What are the three main sets of reactions involved in regenerating ATP?
Glycolysis, Krebs cycle and oxidative phosphorylation
What are NAD+ and FAD+ derived from?
NAD from vitamin niacin
FAD from vitamin riboflavin
