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Phase 2a > Public Health > Flashcards

Public Health Flashcards

1
Q

Describe the Black report 1980

A
  • Confirmed social class health inequalities in overall mortality
  • Confirmed health inequalities are widening
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2
Q

Describe the Acheson report 1988

A

Mortality has decreased in the last 50 years but inequalities remained or widened

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3
Q

What must consent be?

A

Voluntary, informed and made by someone with capacity

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4
Q

What should you tell patients when obtaining consent?

A
  • What treatment is
  • How it is done
  • Risks
  • Benefits
  • Alternatives
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5
Q

Describe Friedman and Rosenman 1959

A

Type A and type B behaviour patterns
- Type A = competitive, hostile, impatient = higher risk of heart disease and HTN

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6
Q

What 4 things are needed to verify death?

A
  1. No heart sounds/carotid pulse for 1 minute
  2. No breath sounds/respiratory effort for 1 minute
  3. No response to painful stimuli
  4. Fixed and dilated pupils
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7
Q

What are the recommendations on drinking alcohol?

A
  • No more than 14 units a week
  • Spread them evenly over 3+ days
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8
Q

How do you calculate units in a drink?

A

%ABV x volume (ml) /1000

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9
Q

Describe the action of alcohol

A
  • Potentiates GABA (inhibitory neurotransmitter)
  • Inhibits glutamate (excitatory neurotransmitter)
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10
Q

How do you treat alcohol/drug withdrawal?

A

Alcohol = benzodiazepines (e.g. chlordiazepoxide)
Drugs = methadone

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11
Q

Describe the STI/HIV transmission model

A

R = B x C x D
reproductive rate = infectivity rate x partners over time x duration of infection

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12
Q

Describe primary, secondary and tertiary prevention

A

Primary - intervening before health effects (e.g. campaigns)
Secondary - screening to identify early disease
Tertiary - managing disease to slow/stop it

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13
Q

Describe influenza A and B

A
  • Main human pathogens
  • Viral genome consists of 8 single stranded RNA segments
  • Segmentation means gene reassortment can occur in infection
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14
Q

Describe antigenic shift vs drift

A

Drift = virus undergoes a gradual change in genetic makeup, causing a different but similar genetic makeup (season epidemics)
Shift = virus undergoes a sudden change in genetic makeup, creating a new strain (pandemics)

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15
Q

Differentiate outbreak, epidemic and pandemic

A

Outbreak = 2+ linked cases
Epidemic = more cases in a region/country
Pandemic = spans international boundaries

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16
Q

What is the alcohol harm paradox?

A

Lower socioeconomic status groups drink less alcohol than higher socioeconomic status groups but experience more alcohol related harm

17
Q

Describe the effects of foetal alcohol syndrome

A
  • Pre and post natal growth retardation
  • CNS abnormalities e.g. irritability, incoordination, hypersensitivity
  • Craniofacial abnormalities
  • Defects of eyes, ears, mouth, CVS, GUT, skeleton
18
Q

What are some notifiable dieases?

A
  • Acute encephalitis
  • Acute meningitis
  • Acute infectious hepatitis
  • Anthrax
  • Cholera
  • Legionnaires disease
  • Malaria
  • Measels
  • SARS
  • Smallpox
  • TB
19
Q

When can you break confidentiality?

A
  • Risk to public safety (crime/abuse)
  • Given consent
  • Required by law (notifiable disease)
20
Q

What are the 3 main eating disorders?

A
  1. Anorexia nervosa
  2. Bulimia nervosa
  3. Binge eating disorder
21
Q

What is OSFED?

A

Other specified feeding and eating disorders:
- Atypical anorexia nervosa
- Bulimia nervosa/binge eating disorder of low frequency/limited duration
- Purging disorder
- Night eating syndrome

22
Q

What is the process managing C. diff?

A

SIGHT:
- Suspect C. diff as a cause of diarrhoea
- Isolate the cause
- Gloves and apron
- Hand washing*
- Test stool for toxin
*C. diff is hard to destroy because it is spore forming

23
Q

Where are norovirus outbreaks common?

A
  • Schools
  • Cruise ships
  • Restaurants
  • Hospitals
24
Q

What influences patients’ evaluations of prescribed drugs?

A
  • Necessity - perception of personal need for treatment
  • Concerns - worries about ADR
25
Q

Describe human error

A
  • A failure of a planned action/a sequence of mental/physical actions to be completed as intended
  • The use of a wrong plan to achieve an outcome
26
Q

What is a never event

A

Serious, largely avoidable patient safety event which should not occur if the available preventative measures have been implemented

27
Q

Describe the swiss cheese model

A
  • Each slice is a level of defence
  • Holes are latent conditions/poor design/poor management decisions
  • If many holes line up, it gives a patient safety incident
28
Q

When can abortions take place?

A

Until 24 weeks of pregnancy

29
Q

When may an abortion take place later than 24 weeks?

A

If there is a risk to life or problems with the baby’s development

30
Q

Define compliance

A

The extent to which the patient’s behaviour coincides with medical/health advice (patient must follow doctor’s orders)

31
Q

Define adherence

A

The extent to which the patient’s action match agreed recommendation (patient has more say in management)

32
Q

Define concordance

A

Expectation that patients will take part in treatment decisions and have a say in the consultation (negotiation between equals)

33
Q

Describe the LOVERS communication model

A

Listen, learn what the problem is
Observe, look at body language
Verify, check you understand
Empathise
Reassure
Seek an agreeable compromise

34
Q

What is the difference between incidence and prevalence?

A

Incidence = number of people in a population who develop a disease over a period of time (new cases)
Prevalence = number of people in a population who have a disease at one point of time (all cases)

Phase 2a (29 decks)

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