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APBI 411 Reproductive physiology and technology > Puberty and Estrous Cycles > Flashcards

Puberty and Estrous Cycles Flashcards

1
Q

What is characteristic of males during puberty?

A

High testosterone and functional gametes

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2
Q

What is characteristic of females during puberty?

A

Age of 1st estrous is followed by ovulation and the initiation of a complete estrous cycle

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3
Q

What factors affect the initiation of puberty?

A
  • Hormones
  • Genetics
  • Nutrition
  • Environment
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4
Q

How do hormones affect the initiation of puberty?

A
  • Reduced GnRH release
  • Reduced pituitary release
  • Reduced ovarian response
  • Pineal gland stimulus - melatonin
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5
Q

How do genetics affect the initiation of puberty?

A
  • Inbreeding causes delay of onset
  • cross breeding will hasten onset
  • different breeds have different times of onset
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6
Q

How does nutrition affect the onset of puberty?

A
  • Under feeding an animal causes delay of onset

- Optimum feeding hastens onset

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7
Q

How does the environment affect initiation of puberty?

A
  • Temperature and humidity (seasonally)
  • Confinement = delay
  • Presence of male hastens onset
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8
Q

What is the most important thing regarding onset of puberty?

A

The maturity of the hypothalamus

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9
Q

What is an advantage of having puberty start earlier?

A

Economic advantage - increased lifetime reproductive state

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10
Q

Why do short day breeders decrease/increase in breeding behavior when daylight decreases?

A

Their breeding behavior is controlled by the amount of melatonin in their system which increases as daylight decreases

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11
Q

What controls the endocrinology of puberty?

A
  • Hypothalamus and gonads
  • Negative feedback of estradiol
  • Maturity of gonads
  • rapid increase in steroidogenesis which causes gametogenesis to become functional
  • Related more to body weight than age
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12
Q

What are the two centers that control GnRH surges in the hypothalamus?

A

Tonic center and Surge center

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13
Q

What does the tonic center control in females?

A

basal levels of GnRH (increases after puberty because pulse frequency increases)

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14
Q

What does the surge center control in females?

A

The preovulatory surge of GnRH (send out small pulses of GnRH before puberty)

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15
Q

What can the estrus cycle be affected by?

A
  • nutrition and production of follicular waves

- Pharmaceutically controlled

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16
Q

What are the phases of the estrous cycle?

A
  1. Proestrus
  2. Estrus
  3. Metestrus
  4. Diestrus
  5. Post-partum anestrus
17
Q

What happens during the proestrus phase?

A
  • Preparation of mating
  • Development of ovulatory follicle
  • high estradiol, low progesterone
18
Q

What happens during the estrus phase?

A
  • acceptance from female
  • Behavioral signs of estrus visable
  • Highest ammount of estradiol, low progesterone levels
  • Presence of large graafian/pre-ovulatory follicle
  • Ovulation occurs after estrus ends
  • hypothalamus, hippocampus and amygdala involved
19
Q

what are some behavioral signs of estrus?

A
  • Standing to be mounted
  • Mounting other cows
  • Rubbed rump and tail-head
  • Chin resting
  • Restlessness
  • Increase in agonistic interactions (eg: head to head fights)
  • Sniffing of the vagina of herd mates
  • Flehmen reaction (wrinkling of the nose and curling of the lip)
  • Frequent urination
20
Q

What happens during metestrus?

A
  • First few days after estrus
  • formation of corpus luteum
  • Bleeding
  • Low estrogen, low progesterone
21
Q

What happens during diestrus?

A
  • Lasts until luteolysis (non-pregnant)
  • Functional corpus luteum
  • Low estradiol, high progesterone
  • Associated with follicle turnover
22
Q

What happens during post partum anestrus?

A
  • Involution

- Suckling effect

23
Q

Which phases of the estrus cycle happen during the follicular phase?

A
  • Proestrus

- Estrus

24
Q

Which phases of the estrus cycle happen during the luteal phase?

A
  • Metestrus

- Diestrus

25
Q

Which phases of the estrus cycle happen during the Anestrus phase?

A
  • Post-partum anestrus
26
Q

What happens during the anestrus phase?

A
  • post-partum anestrus
  • no expression of estrus behavior
  • No ovulation/ no corpus luteum formation
  • Follicular growth and turnover
27
Q

What are the stages involved in a monoestrus cycle?

A
  1. Anestrus
  2. Proestrus
  3. Estrus
  4. Ovulation
  5. Implantation
  6. Gestation
  7. Parturition
  8. Lactation
28
Q

What are the stages involved in a polyestrus cycle?

A
  1. Proestrus
  2. Estrus
  3. Ovulation (Metestrus if not pregnant)
  4. Implantation (Diestrus if not pregnant)
  5. Gestation
  6. Parturition
  7. Lactation
29
Q

What does luteolysis do?

A

Determines the length of the diestrus phase and estrus cycle

30
Q

What is the major luteolytic agent?

A

Prostaglandin F2alpha

31
Q

Where is PGF2alpha synthesized?

A

By the uterus in the endometrium

32
Q

What is PGF2alpha inhibited by?

A

conceptus in pregnant animals

33
Q

Where are PGF2alpha receptors located?

A

in the luteal cells

34
Q

What kind of receptor is the PGF2alpha receptor?

A
  • membrane receptor

- G protein coupled

35
Q

What does PGF2alpha do?

A
  • Anti-angiogenesis effect
  • Cell apocytosis
  • Shuts down steroidogenesis enzymes

APBI 411 Reproductive physiology and technology (10 decks)

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