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APBI 411 Reproductive physiology and technology > Hormonal control of reproductive processes > Flashcards

Hormonal control of reproductive processes Flashcards

1
Q

What are the biological characteristics of Hormonal Control? (6)

A
  1. Physiological regulators
  2. Effective in minute quantities
  3. Synthesized by cells which may or may not be located in a distinct gland
  4. Secreted and transported into bloodstream
  5. Act on specific target cells (presence of receptors)
  6. Trigger specific responses
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2
Q

What does GnRH stand for?

A

Gonadotropin releasing hormone

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3
Q

What is the Structure of GnRH?

A

single chain of 10AA

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4
Q

What happens when GnRH is taken orall?

A

it gets digested

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5
Q

What is GnRH used for?

A
  1. Fertility treatment
  2. Cryptorchidism
  3. Non-steroidal contraceptive -nasal spray
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6
Q

What are the 6 hypothalamus hormones regulating reproduction?

A
  1. Prolactin-inhibiting hormone (PIH)
  2. Prolactin-releasing hormone (PRH)
  3. Gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) From Ventromedial nucleus
  4. Gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) From Anterior hypothalamic area
  5. Oxytocin
  6. Melatonin
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7
Q

What are the neural pathways and principle functions of Prolactin-inhibiting hormone (PIH)?

A

Neural Pathways:
- Neurons containing dopamine in the arcuate nucleus
Principle Functions:
-Inhibits prolactin release

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8
Q

What are the neural pathways and principle functions of Prolactin-releasing hormone (PRH)?

A

Neural Pathways:
- Neurons containing dopamine in the arcuate nucleus
Principle Functions:
- Stimulates prolactin release

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9
Q

What are the neural pathways and principle functions of Gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) From Ventromedial nucleus?

A

Neural Pathways:
- Negative feedback from gonads
Principle Functions:
- Stimulates tonic release of FSH and LH

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10
Q

What are the neural pathways and principle functions of Gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) From Anterior hypothalamic area

A

Neural Pathways:
- Hypothalamic cells sensitive to estrogen, touch receptors in skin and genitalia of reflex ovulating species.
Principle Functions:
- Stimulates preovulatory surge of FSH and LH

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11
Q

What are the neural pathways and principle functions of Oxytocin?

A

Neural Pathways:
- Tactile sensations from the mammary gland, uterus and cervix
Principle Functions:
- Induces uterine contractions, milk letdown, and facilitates gamete transport

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12
Q

What are the neural pathways and principle functions of Melatonin

A

Neural Pathways:
- Retina via retinohypothalamic fibres
Principle Functions:
- Inhibits gonadotropic activity in long-day breeders eg: hamster
- Stimulates the onset of the breeding season in short-day breeders eg: sheep

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13
Q

What is the structure of LH?

A

It is a glycoprotein

  • chain of AA linked together
  • Chain of CHO linked to polypeptides
  • 2 chains (1 alpha 1 beta) of similar size linked
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14
Q

What does LH target?

A

Leydig cells

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15
Q

What must be joined for LH to be active?

A

The alpha and beta residues

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16
Q

What are the characteristics of alpha subunits?

A

AA sequences are similar between hormones within species

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17
Q

What are the characteristics of beta subunits?

A

AA sequence is diverse

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18
Q

What is the structure of FSH?

A
  • Glycoprotein with alpha and beta subunits

- CHO content relatively high compared to LH

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19
Q

What does FSH target?

A

Sertoli cells

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20
Q

What are some monosacharides (charbohydrate chains)

A
  1. Mannose
  2. Galactose
  3. Fucose
  4. Glucosamine
  5. Galactosamine
  6. Sialic acid
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21
Q

What are charbohydrate chains made of?

A

polysaccharide units

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22
Q

What is sialic acid essential for?

A
  • biological activity

- extending the half life

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23
Q

How are steroid hormones transported? why?

A

Bound to proteins in the blood (albumin or globulin) cause they are lipophillic

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24
Q

How are protein hormones transported?

A

Can travel through blood without being bound to anything cause they are hydrophillic

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25
Q

What does proloctin target?

A

Leydig cells and sex glands

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26
Q

What does proloactin do?

A

Works as a facillitator

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27
Q

What is the structure and source of FSH?

A

Structure: Glycoprotein
Source: Gonadotropes in anterior lobe

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28
Q

What is the structure and source of LH?

A

Structure: Glycoprotein
Source: Gonadotropes in anterior lobe

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29
Q

What is the structure and source of Prolactin?

A

Structure: Protein
Source: Mammatropes in anterior lobe

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30
Q

What is the structure and source of Oxytocin?

A

Structure: Protein
Source: Stored in posterior lobe of pituitary

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31
Q

What are the principle functions of FSH?

A
  • Stimulates follicular growth in female

- Stimulates spermatogenesis in male

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32
Q

What are the principle functions of LH?

A
  • Stimulates ovulation and luteinization of ovarian follicles (corpus luteum) in female
  • Stimulates testosterone secretion in male
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33
Q

What are the principle functions of Prolactin?

A

Promotes lactation and maternal behaviour

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34
Q

What are the principle functions of Oxytocin?

A

Stimulates contractions of pregnant uterus and causes milk ejection

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35
Q

Where are reproductive steroid hormones produced?

A

In the testes, ovaries and adrenal cortex

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36
Q

What are steroid hormones made from? (Primarily)

A

Cholesterol

37
Q

What happens if a steroid hormone is ingested?

A

It is effective as it enters the blood stream instead of being digested.

38
Q

What are two types of prostaglandins?

A
  1. PGE2

2. PGF2 alpha

39
Q

Where were prostaglandins first isolated from?

A

From sex glands fluid of the prostate

40
Q

Where are prostaglandins secreted?

A

Most body tissues

41
Q

What is the general structure of a prostaglandin?

A

They are unsaturated fatty acids with 20 C and a cyclopentene ring.
Must have methyl group and carboxyl group at either end of the carbon chain

42
Q

What prostaglandin is the major luteolitic hormone?

A

PGF2 alpha

43
Q

How long is the half life of a prostaglandin?

A

Very Short

44
Q

What steroid hormones are secreted by reproductive structures? Which ones are they secreted by?

A
  1. Estrogen - theca interna of the ovarian follicle
  2. Progesterone - corpus luteum
  3. Testosterone - leydig cells in the testes
45
Q

What are the functions of estrogen?

A
  1. Promotes sexual behaviour
  2. Stimulates development of secondary sex characteristics
  3. Anabolic effects
46
Q

What are the functions of progesterone?

A
  1. Works synergistically with estrogen to promote estrous behaviour
  2. Prepares reproductive tract for implantation
47
Q

What are the functions of testosterone?

A
  1. Develops and maintains accessory sex glands
  2. Stimulates secondary sexual characteristics
  3. Stimulates sexual behaviour
  4. Stimulates spermatogenesis
  5. Possess anabolic effects
48
Q

What are the protein hormones produced by reproductive organs? Where are they produced?

A
  1. Relaxin - corpus luteum
  2. Prostaglandin F2 alpha - secreted by most body tissues
  3. Activins - follicular fluid in female and rete testes fluid in male
  4. Inhibins - serotonin cells in male and granules a cells in ovary of female
  5. Follistatin - ovarian follicular fluid in female
49
Q

What are the functions of relaxin?

A
  1. Dilation of the cervix

2. Causes uterine contractions

50
Q

What are the functions of prostaglandin F2 alpha?

A
  1. Causes uterine contractions assisting in sperm transport in female tract and parturition
  2. Causes regression of corpus luteum
51
Q

What are the functions of activins?

A
  1. Stimulates FSH secretion
52
Q

What are the functions of inhibins?

A
  1. Inhibits FSH secretion to a level which maintains species specific ovulations
53
Q

Where are reproductive steroid hormones produced?

A

In the testes, ovaries and adrenal cortex

54
Q

What are steroid hormones made from? (Primarily)

A

Cholesterol

55
Q

What happens if a steroid hormone is ingested?

A

It is effective as it enters the blood stream instead of being digested.

56
Q

What are two types of prostaglandins?

A
  1. PGE2

2. PGF2 alpha

57
Q

Where were prostaglandins first isolated from?

A

From sex glands fluid of the prostate

58
Q

Where are prostaglandins secreted?

A

Most body tissues

59
Q

What is the general structure of a prostaglandin?

A

They are unsaturated fatty acids with 20 C and a cyclopentene ring.
Must have methyl group and carboxyl group at either end of the carbon chain

60
Q

What prostaglandin is the major luteolitic hormone?

A

PGF2 alpha

61
Q

How long is the half life of a prostaglandin?

A

Very Short

62
Q

What steroid hormones are secreted by reproductive structures? Which ones are they secreted by?

A
  1. Estrogen - theca interna of the ovarian follicle
  2. Progesterone - corpus luteum
  3. Testosterone - leydig cells in the testes
63
Q

What are the functions of estrogen?

A
  1. Promotes sexual behaviour
  2. Stimulates development of secondary sex characteristics
  3. Anabolic effects
64
Q

What are the functions of progesterone?

A
  1. Works synergistically with estrogen to promote estrous behaviour
  2. Prepares reproductive tract for implantation
65
Q

What are the functions of testosterone?

A
  1. Develops and maintains accessory sex glands
  2. Stimulates secondary sexual characteristics
  3. Stimulates sexual behaviour
  4. Stimulates spermatogenesis
  5. Possess anabolic effects
66
Q

What are the protein hormones produced by reproductive organs? Where are they produced?

A
  1. Relaxin - corpus luteum
  2. Prostaglandin F2 alpha - secreted by most body tissues
  3. Activins - follicular fluid in female and rete testes fluid in male
  4. Inhibins - serotonin cells in male and granules a cells in ovary of female
  5. Follistatin - ovarian follicular fluid in female
67
Q

What are the functions of relaxin?

A
  1. Dilation of the cervix

2. Causes uterine contractions

68
Q

What are the functions of prostaglandin F2 alpha?

A
  1. Causes uterine contractions assisting in sperm transport in female tract and parturition
  2. Causes regression of corpus luteum
69
Q

What are the functions of activins?

A
  1. Stimulates FSH secretion
70
Q

What are the functions of inhibins?

A
  1. Inhibits FSH secretion to a level which maintains species specific ovulations
71
Q

What are the functions of Follistatin?

A

Modulates the secretion of FSH

72
Q

How do steroid hormones get into the cell and create products?

A

They diffuse through the cell membrane (no receptors needed) and into the nucleus where it binds to a receptor.

73
Q

How do protein hormones get into the cell? Does it enter the nucleus?

A

Hormone binds to receptor on cell membrane and is actively transported across. Some enter the nucleus, other work in the cytoplasm.

74
Q

What is the basic structure of a G Protein Coupled receptor?

A
  • 7 trans-membrane domains
  • G protein coupled
  • normally linked with adenilate cyclase (AC)
75
Q

What does a G Protein Coupled Receptor usually convert and to what?

A

Converts ATP to cAMP

76
Q

What are the most common pathways for a G Protein Coupled Receptor?

A

Protein kinase A or C pathways

- Phosphorylation and/or transcription

77
Q

Where are steroid receptors located?

A

Nuclear or cytoplasmic (normally nuclear)

78
Q

What are steroid receptors associated with?

A

Chaperone proteins

79
Q

What is the role of a chaperone protein?

A
  • protect molecule

- prevent receptor from entering the nucleus before binding

80
Q

What is a CRE?

A

cAMP responsive element

81
Q

What is a CREB?

A

cAMP responsive element binding protein

82
Q

What is a CBP?

A

Co-activator binding protein

83
Q

What is a TIC?

A

Transcription initiation complex

84
Q

What is a TATA box?

A

a region close to the transcription site that helps initiate the start of transcription.

85
Q

What are the transcription factors for a cAMP Promoter Region

A 
CRE
CREB
CBP
TIC
TATA box
86
Q

What are the transcription factors for a steroid promoter region?

A 
HSP
SRE
SRC
TIC
TATA box
87
Q

What is a HSP?

A

Heat shock protein

88
Q

What is a SRE?

A

Steroid response element

89
Q

What is a SRC?

A

steroid response co-activator

APBI 411 Reproductive physiology and technology (10 decks)

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