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APBI 411 Reproductive physiology and technology > Male Reproductive System > Flashcards

Male Reproductive System Flashcards

1
Q

What are 6 main parts fo the male reproductive system?

A
  1. Testes
  2. Scrotum
  3. Duct System
  4. Accessory Glands
  5. Penis
  6. Prepuce and Sheath
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2
Q

What are the 3 parts fo the duct system?

A
  1. Epididymis
  2. Vas Defferens
  3. Urethra
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3
Q

What are the 3 Accessory Glands?

A
  1. Vesicular
  2. Prostate
  3. Bulbourethral (Cowper’s)
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4
Q

What are the functions of the scrotum?

A
  1. Protective covering of testes

2. Help with the thermoregulatory system

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5
Q

Where is the scrotum located?

A

Located in the inguinal region between the rear legs of most species

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6
Q

What is the scrotum?

A

2 lobed sacs that enclose the testes

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7
Q

What are the scrotal layers?

A
  1. Stratum Subdarticum
  2. Tunica Vaginalis (Parietal layer)
  3. Tunica Dartos Muscle
  4. Tunica Vaginalis (Visceral Layer)
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8
Q

What does the scrotal circumference have a positive relation with?

A
  1. Hight, weight and overall size of testes

2. Spermatozoa production

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9
Q

What is testicular descent regulated by?

A

Testosterone

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10
Q

How is testicular descent performed?

A

Mechanically guided by the shortening of the gubernaculum ligament

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11
Q

What is Cryptorchidism?

A

Problem in which one or both of the testicles remain in the abdominal wall cavity

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12
Q

What are two types of cryptorchidism?

A
  • Bilateral Crypt: both testes in abdominal wall cavity; animal is sterile
  • Unilateral Crypt: One testes in abdominal wall cavity; animal is fertile
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13
Q

What are the causes of Cryptorchidism? How can they be treated?

A
  1. Gonadotropin Defficiency - GnRH or hCG tratment

2. Abnormal swelling and regression of gubernaculum - Surgical correction

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14
Q

Which species has the largest weighing testes and highest daily sperm count? Which has the lowest?

A

Highest - Boar

Lowest - Stallion

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15
Q

Which structures are involved in the thermoregulatory system?

A
  1. Tunica dartos muscle
  2. Cremaster muscle
  3. Sweat and Sebaceous gland-thermo receptors
  4. Pampiniform plexus
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16
Q

What is the pampiniform plexus?

A

Network of spermatic vessels involved in thermo regulatory function of testes
- Allows heat exchange between the spermatic artery to the spermatic vein

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17
Q

What is the optimum temperature for the testes?

A

~33/34 Degrees celcius

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18
Q

What does the spermatic cord do?

A

Connects testes to its life support mechanisms

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19
Q

What is involved with the spermatic cord?

A
  • Smooth muscle fibers - Cremaster muscle
  • Testicular arteries and veins
  • Paminiform plexus
  • Lymph vessels
  • Nerves-autonomic tissue
  • Vas Deferens
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20
Q

What is the blood-testes barrier?

A
  • Prevents blood or lymph vessels from penetrating the tubules
    A physical barrier established by:
  • Myoid cells - contractile elements in the wall
  • Sertoli cells - Tight junctions in membranes of adjacent cells
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21
Q

What do Sertoli-\Sertoli Cell junctions do in regards to the blood testes barrier?

A

Cell membranes fuse near base and forms:

  • Basal compartment
  • Ad-luminal Compartment
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22
Q

What is contained within the basal compartment?

A

Spermatogonia and primary spermatocytes

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23
Q

What is contained within the Ad-luminal compartment?

A

Advanced sperm and spermatids

24
Q

What is the significance of the blood-testes barrier? (functions)

A
  • Maintains an environment suitable for sperm development (Protection)
  • Provides endocrinological shielding
  • Isolates sperm - specific auto antigens
25
Q

Why is Maintaining an environment suitable for sperm development (Protection) important?

A

Fluid environment favors spermatogenesis and Protein and DNA synthesis

26
Q

Why is Providing endocrinological shielding important?

A

Rate of entry of FSH and Testosterone relatively slow and constant - buffer germ cells

27
Q

Why is Isolating sperm important?

A

Haploid cells are recognized as foreign by immune system - new antigens develop during spermatogenesis

28
Q

What is the epididymis?

A

The first external duct leading from the testes; very convoluted

29
Q

What are the functions of the Epididymis?

A
  1. Transport of spermatozoa
  2. Concentration of spermatozoa
  3. Storage of spermatozoa
  4. Maturation of spermatozoa
30
Q

What will speed up transport of spermatozoa?

A

Frequent ejaculation

31
Q

What is the concentration of sperm in the epididymis? How is this achieved?

A
  • About 4 billion sperm/ml

- Fluid is absorbed in the head and upper body regions of the epididymis

32
Q

Where are most sperm stored?

A

In the tail region of the epididymis

33
Q

How long can sperm stay alive for in the males body?

A

up to 60 days

34
Q

Sperm entering the head region of the epididymis have motility and fertility. True or false?

A

FALSE

35
Q

What is Castration

A

Deactivation of the testes via surgical removal or non-surgical techniques

36
Q

Why castrate?

A
  • Changes behavior
  • Imporved meat standards
  • Less injuries
37
Q

What is the Vas Deferens?

A

Duct that leads from the tail of the epididymis to the urethra.
- Passageway for spermatozoa during ejaculation

38
Q

What are the functions of the Ampulla?

A
  • Thick muscle layers contract during ejaculation which aids sperm transport
  • Glandular tissue present fluid carrier for sperm
  • Storage area for sperm in the stallion
39
Q

What are the functions of accessory glands?

A
  • Add fluid volume via secretions to semen that include buffers, nutrients and other substances
  • Assume optimum motility and fertility of sperm
40
Q

What is the prostate gland?

A

Single gland located around and along urethra

41
Q

What are the two parts of the prostate gland?

A
  • Biolobed and distinct

- Disseminate and non-distinct

42
Q

What are the functions of the prostate gland secretions?

A
  • Add small volume to ejaculate
  • High concentrations of ions (Na, Cl, Ca, Mg which are important for sperm motility)
  • Flush and lubricate urethra prior to ejaculation
43
Q

What are some treatments for an enlarged prostate?

A
  • Enlarge urethra surgically (remove portion of prostate)

- Treat with female sex steroids to prevent growth of prostate or antiandrogens (Inhibit LH secretion)

44
Q

What are the Vesicular Glands/ Seminal Vesicles?

A

Pair of glands that look like a cluster of grapes whose excretory ducts enter the urethra with the vas deferens

45
Q

What are the functions of the Seminal Vesicles?

A
  • Add volume to ejaculate

- Add fructose (energy source) and Sorbitol phosphate (buffer) and carbonate ions (Buffer)

46
Q

What are the Bulbourethral glands?

A

Pair of glands located along the far end of the pelvic urethra

47
Q

What are the functions of the bulbourethral glands?

A
  • Fluch urine from urethra

- Contribute some to volume of ejaculate

48
Q

Why is the bulbourethral gland so important in boars?

A

Large amount of secretions

- Appears as white lumps due to coagulation which forms a plug and prevents semen from flowing back through the cervix

49
Q

What is the Glans Penis? Functions?

A

Softer terminal portion of the Penis which becomes engorged in blood during ejaculation
- Protects the vagina and cervix from injury during mating

50
Q

What is the Urethra?

A

The joint excretory canal for both urine and semen which extends from the bladder to the glans penis.

51
Q

What is the urethra composed of?

A
  1. Pelvic urethra
  2. Ischial urethra
  3. extra-pelvic or penal urethra
52
Q

What is the Penis?

A

The organ of copulation which consists of three main parts

53
Q

What are the three main parts of the penis?

A
  1. Root
  2. Shaft
  3. Glans
54
Q

What is the main structure of a fibroelastic penis?

A

sigmoid flexure

55
Q

What is the main structure of a vascular penis?

A

Corpus cavernosus

APBI 411 Reproductive physiology and technology (10 decks)

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