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APBI 411 Reproductive physiology and technology > Male Reproductive System > Flashcards

Male Reproductive System Flashcards

1
Q

What are 6 main parts fo the male reproductive system?

A
  1. Testes
  2. Scrotum
  3. Duct System
  4. Accessory Glands
  5. Penis
  6. Prepuce and Sheath
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2
Q

What are the 3 parts fo the duct system?

A
  1. Epididymis
  2. Vas Defferens
  3. Urethra
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3
Q

What are the 3 Accessory Glands?

A
  1. Vesicular
  2. Prostate
  3. Bulbourethral (Cowper’s)
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4
Q

What are the functions of the scrotum?

A
  1. Protective covering of testes

2. Help with the thermoregulatory system

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5
Q

Where is the scrotum located?

A

Located in the inguinal region between the rear legs of most species

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6
Q

What is the scrotum?

A

2 lobed sacs that enclose the testes

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7
Q

What are the scrotal layers?

A
  1. Stratum Subdarticum
  2. Tunica Vaginalis (Parietal layer)
  3. Tunica Dartos Muscle
  4. Tunica Vaginalis (Visceral Layer)
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8
Q

What does the scrotal circumference have a positive relation with?

A
  1. Hight, weight and overall size of testes

2. Spermatozoa production

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9
Q

What is testicular descent regulated by?

A

Testosterone

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10
Q

How is testicular descent performed?

A

Mechanically guided by the shortening of the gubernaculum ligament

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11
Q

What is Cryptorchidism?

A

Problem in which one or both of the testicles remain in the abdominal wall cavity

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12
Q

What are two types of cryptorchidism?

A
  • Bilateral Crypt: both testes in abdominal wall cavity; animal is sterile
  • Unilateral Crypt: One testes in abdominal wall cavity; animal is fertile
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13
Q

What are the causes of Cryptorchidism? How can they be treated?

A
  1. Gonadotropin Defficiency - GnRH or hCG tratment

2. Abnormal swelling and regression of gubernaculum - Surgical correction

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14
Q

Which species has the largest weighing testes and highest daily sperm count? Which has the lowest?

A

Highest - Boar

Lowest - Stallion

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15
Q

Which structures are involved in the thermoregulatory system?

A
  1. Tunica dartos muscle
  2. Cremaster muscle
  3. Sweat and Sebaceous gland-thermo receptors
  4. Pampiniform plexus
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16
Q

What is the pampiniform plexus?

A

Network of spermatic vessels involved in thermo regulatory function of testes
- Allows heat exchange between the spermatic artery to the spermatic vein

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17
Q

What is the optimum temperature for the testes?

A

~33/34 Degrees celcius

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18
Q

What does the spermatic cord do?

A

Connects testes to its life support mechanisms

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19
Q

What is involved with the spermatic cord?

A
  • Smooth muscle fibers - Cremaster muscle
  • Testicular arteries and veins
  • Paminiform plexus
  • Lymph vessels
  • Nerves-autonomic tissue
  • Vas Deferens
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20
Q

What is the blood-testes barrier?

A
  • Prevents blood or lymph vessels from penetrating the tubules
    A physical barrier established by:
  • Myoid cells - contractile elements in the wall
  • Sertoli cells - Tight junctions in membranes of adjacent cells
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21
Q

What do Sertoli-\Sertoli Cell junctions do in regards to the blood testes barrier?

A

Cell membranes fuse near base and forms:

  • Basal compartment
  • Ad-luminal Compartment
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22
Q

What is contained within the basal compartment?

A

Spermatogonia and primary spermatocytes

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23
Q

What is contained within the Ad-luminal compartment?

A

Advanced sperm and spermatids

24
Q

What is the significance of the blood-testes barrier? (functions)

A
  • Maintains an environment suitable for sperm development (Protection)
  • Provides endocrinological shielding
  • Isolates sperm - specific auto antigens
25
Why is Maintaining an environment suitable for sperm development (Protection) important?
Fluid environment favors spermatogenesis and Protein and DNA synthesis
26
Why is Providing endocrinological shielding important?
Rate of entry of FSH and Testosterone relatively slow and constant - buffer germ cells
27
Why is Isolating sperm important?
Haploid cells are recognized as foreign by immune system - new antigens develop during spermatogenesis
28
What is the epididymis?
The first external duct leading from the testes; very convoluted
29
What are the functions of the Epididymis?
1. Transport of spermatozoa 2. Concentration of spermatozoa 3. Storage of spermatozoa 4. Maturation of spermatozoa
30
What will speed up transport of spermatozoa?
Frequent ejaculation
31
What is the concentration of sperm in the epididymis? How is this achieved?
- About 4 billion sperm/ml | - Fluid is absorbed in the head and upper body regions of the epididymis
32
Where are most sperm stored?
In the tail region of the epididymis
33
How long can sperm stay alive for in the males body?
up to 60 days
34
Sperm entering the head region of the epididymis have motility and fertility. True or false?
FALSE
35
What is Castration
Deactivation of the testes via surgical removal or non-surgical techniques
36
Why castrate?
- Changes behavior - Imporved meat standards - Less injuries
37
What is the Vas Deferens?
Duct that leads from the tail of the epididymis to the urethra. - Passageway for spermatozoa during ejaculation
38
What are the functions of the Ampulla?
- Thick muscle layers contract during ejaculation which aids sperm transport - Glandular tissue present fluid carrier for sperm - Storage area for sperm in the stallion
39
What are the functions of accessory glands?
- Add fluid volume via secretions to semen that include buffers, nutrients and other substances - Assume optimum motility and fertility of sperm
40
What is the prostate gland?
Single gland located around and along urethra
41
What are the two parts of the prostate gland?
- Biolobed and distinct | - Disseminate and non-distinct
42
What are the functions of the prostate gland secretions?
- Add small volume to ejaculate - High concentrations of ions (Na, Cl, Ca, Mg which are important for sperm motility) - Flush and lubricate urethra prior to ejaculation
43
What are some treatments for an enlarged prostate?
- Enlarge urethra surgically (remove portion of prostate) | - Treat with female sex steroids to prevent growth of prostate or antiandrogens (Inhibit LH secretion)
44
What are the Vesicular Glands/ Seminal Vesicles?
Pair of glands that look like a cluster of grapes whose excretory ducts enter the urethra with the vas deferens
45
What are the functions of the Seminal Vesicles?
- Add volume to ejaculate | - Add fructose (energy source) and Sorbitol phosphate (buffer) and carbonate ions (Buffer)
46
What are the Bulbourethral glands?
Pair of glands located along the far end of the pelvic urethra
47
What are the functions of the bulbourethral glands?
- Fluch urine from urethra | - Contribute some to volume of ejaculate
48
Why is the bulbourethral gland so important in boars?
Large amount of secretions | - Appears as white lumps due to coagulation which forms a plug and prevents semen from flowing back through the cervix
49
What is the Glans Penis? Functions?
Softer terminal portion of the Penis which becomes engorged in blood during ejaculation - Protects the vagina and cervix from injury during mating
50
What is the Urethra?
The joint excretory canal for both urine and semen which extends from the bladder to the glans penis.
51
What is the urethra composed of?
1. Pelvic urethra 2. Ischial urethra 3. extra-pelvic or penal urethra
52
What is the Penis?
The organ of copulation which consists of three main parts
53
What are the three main parts of the penis?
1. Root 2. Shaft 3. Glans
54
What is the main structure of a fibroelastic penis?
sigmoid flexure
55
What is the main structure of a vascular penis?
Corpus cavernosus

APBI 411 Reproductive physiology and technology (10 decks)

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