PTM real

Question 1

what does ptm stand for

Answer 1

post-translational modification

Question 2

what is phosphorylation

Answer 2

the addition of a phosphate group to a protein, typically on a threonine, tyrosine or serine residue

Question 3

what catalyses phosphorylation

Answer 3

protein kinases

Question 4

what erases phosphorylation

Answer 4

protein phosphatases

Question 5

what is an example of phosphorylation

Answer 5

phosphorylation of tyrosine residues on the insulin receptor activates downstream signalling pathways that regulate glucose homeostasis

Question 6

what is glycosylation

Answer 6

the addition of carbohydrates to proteins, which occurs either in the ER or the golgi apparatus

Question 7

what is the most common type of glycosylation

Answer 7

N-linked glycosylation in which a sugar molecule is attached to the amide nitrogen of an asparagine residue

Question 8

what is an example of glycosylation

Answer 8

the glycosylation of erythropoietin is critical for the stability and activity in the regulation of red blood cell production

Question 9

what is ubiquitination

Answer 9

the attachment of ubiquitin molecules to lysine residues on a protein

Question 10

what catalyses ubiquitination

Answer 10

ubiquitin E3 ligase

Question 11

what erases ubiquitination

Answer 11

deubiquitinase

Question 12

what is an example of ubiquitination

Answer 12

the ubiquiniation of p53 leads to its degradation by the proteasome, reducing its abiloty to regulate cell division and apoptosis

Question 13

what is methylation

Answer 13

the addition of a methyl group to a protein, typically on lysine or arginine residues

Question 14

what is methylation catalysed by

Answer 14

methyltransferases

Question 15

what is methylation erased by

Answer 15

demethylases

Question 16

what is an example of methylation

Answer 16

the methylation of histone proteins can regulate gene expression by altering the accessibility of DNA to transcription factors

Question 17

what is acetylation

Answer 17

the addition of an acetyl group to a protein, typically on a lysine residue

Question 18

what catalyses aceytlation

Answer 18

acetyltransferase

Question 19

what erases acetylation

Answer 19

deacetylase

Question 20

what is an example of acetylation

Answer 20

the acetylation of histone proteins can regualte gene expression by altering chromatin structure

Question 21

what is SUMOylation

Answer 21

the attachment of small ubiquitin-like modifier (SUMO) molecules to lysine residues on a protein

Question 22

what catalyses SUMOylation

Answer 22

SUMO E3 ligase

Question 23

what erases SUMOylation

Answer 23

deSUMOylase

Question 24

what is an example of SUMOylation

Answer 24

the SUMOylation of transcription factor Sp3 can regulate its activity by altering its subcellular localisation and protein-protein interactions

Question 25

what can happen if the enzymes that regulate PTMs mutate

Answer 25

cancer or neurodegeneration

Question 26

what happens when protein kinases or phosphatases mutate

Answer 26

aberrant phosphorylation of proteins, leading to uncontrolled cell growth and division = cancer