PT1

Question 1

what are the 3 main types of Cortico-basal GANGLIA circuits?

Answer 1

1. cognitive circuit
2. sensorimotor circuit
3. motivation circuit

Question 2

Cognitive circuit

Answer 2

starts and ends at several cortical regions including the prefrontal cortex and parietal cortex, mainly passing through the caudate

Question 3

Sensorimotor circuit

Answer 3

starts and ends at the motor and sensorimotor cortices, mainly passing through the putamen

Question 4

Motivation circuit

Answer 4

assesses and determines the rate and persistence required

Question 5

What are motivational states?

Answer 5

• variable reversible states that affect the LIKELIHOOD and INTENSITY of GOAL-ORIENTED behaviors
• affect which stimuli are chosen for interaction, the costs paid to do so, and the rate and duration of appetitive and consummatory behavior

Question 6

How does negative feedback affect motivational states?

Answer 6

motivational states are typically reduced by consummation through the mechanism of negative feedback
ex
-eating reduces motivation to eat
-drinking reduces motivation to drink
- mating reduces motivation to mate

to us, this often feels emotionally very positiv

Question 7

The ventral tegmental area (VTA)

Answer 7

rich in opioid receptors; also a source of dopamine-releasing neurons

Question 8

What does the ____ motivation circuit do?

Answer 8

• weighs up benefits (ex. quality and proximity of incentive stimuli from external world; strength of signals from the body indicating ex. homeostasis state) against costs (ex. obstacles, danger)
• and does this for other behavior patterns that might also be important
• decides which is the most important and how important it is

Question 9

Hormonal (endocrine) effects on motivation

Answer 9

• explain variations in responsiveness
  
  • vary minute to minute, day to day, one season to another, one individual from the next.
• help determine the probabilities of any given behavioral response
• often have multiple effects in parallel, in a graded way

Question 10

What are hormones?

Answer 10

blood-borne chemical messengers that affect behavior

Question 11

What are some properties of the pineal gland?

Answer 11

• releases the hormone melatonin

- regulates sleep wake cycles and seasonal changes

Question 12

seasonal melatonin levels

Answer 12

melatonin levels typically change with the seasons, in response to the length of daylight.

Question 13

Thyroid gland

Answer 13

• releases thyrotoxins
• located on the lower front of the neck
• importance includes for metamorphoses and for regulating metabolism/food intake