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ANSC 3090 > L4 - Animal Senses and the Brain I (exteroception) > Flashcards

L4 - Animal Senses and the Brain I (exteroception) Flashcards

1
Q

What are key factors about SENSORY ORGANS?

A
  • They are structures that detect specific sensory stimuli within one ‘modality’ (a category of sensation such as vision, hearing/audition, smell/olfaction, ect)
  • They contain modality- specific sensory cells, which can vary in sensitivity, and in the quality of stimulus that most stimulates them (e.g. frequency of light or sound; the chemicals present in the food, ect.)
  • Their sizes and structures vary, affecing their function
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2
Q

Label indcated arrows

A
  1. retina
  2. optic nerve
  3. lens
  4. iris
  5. retractor lentis muscle
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3
Q

What is the OPTIC TECTUM called in mammals?

A

the visual/superior colliculus

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4
Q

True or False?

The visual corticeis are CONTRALATERAL

A

True

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5
Q

Label this ROD CELL

A
  1. Membrane sheles lined with rhodopsin or colour pigment
  2. Outer segment
  3. Mitochondria
  4. Inner segment
  5. Outer limiting membrane
  6. Nucleus
  7. Synaptic body
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6
Q

Lebel this CONE CELL

A
  1. Invaginations of cell membranes that form a stack of membranous disks where photopigments exist as transmembrane proteins
  2. Outer segment
  3. Connecting cilium
  4. Mitochondria
  5. Inner segment
  6. Nucleus
  7. synaptic terminal that forms a synapse with a neuron
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7
Q

How many types of cone cells are there is primate (including humans) retinas and what wavelength do they peak at?

A
  • There are 3 types of cone cells in the retina; making primates “trichromatic”
  • peak at 450 (blue), 540 (green), 580 (red)
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8
Q

What kinds of animals are DICHROMATIC?

A
  • Carnivores: Dogs, foxes, mink, cats, ect.
  • Ungulates: Cattle, sheep, goats
  • Rodents
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9
Q

What colours/ wavelength do most CARNIVORES see?

A

To us

  • purplish/blue (peak 440nm)
  • yellowish/green (peak 555nm)
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10
Q

Are dogs red-green colour blind?

A

Yes

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11
Q

Are cats red-green colour blind?

A

Unclear

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12
Q

What colour/wavelength do most UNULATES see?

A

To us

  • Peak at 440-455 and 536-555nm
  • despite this, NOT red-green colour blind: instead poor at distinguishing greens from blues and violets
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13
Q

What colours/wavelengths do most RODENTS see in?

A
  • ultraviolet (359nm) & yellow-green (510nm)
  • they cannot see red
    • therefore redlights are used in labs to imitate darkness for the rodents.
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14
Q

How many different types of cone cells are in birds?

A

Birds have 4 different types of cone cells

This make birds tetrachromatic

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15
Q

Bird feathers are UV absorbant/reflective

True or False?

A

True

Some birds have patterns that we humans cannot see

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16
Q

What does visual ACUITY depend on?

A

Acuity depends on cone cells plus quality of the lens

17
Q

Facts on ACUITY in DOGS

A
  • dogs have more rod cells plus a tapetum lucidum
  • see less well in the daytime compared to humans
  • better night sight than us
18
Q

Facts on ACUITY in BIRDS

A
  • birds have far BETTER visual acuity that humans
    • House sparrow: 400 000 receptors per mm2 of retina
    • Buzzard: 1 000 000 receptors per mm2 of retina
    • Humans: 200 000 receptors per mm2 of retina
19
Q

What types of eyes collect more photon?

A

Large pupil and/or large retinas receive more photons

20
Q

What is the ‘TAPETUM LUCIDUM’?

A

The layer reflects photons so not absorbed before reaching retina

  • evolved seperatly in different groups
  • carnivores and onmivors have reflective layers made from different stuff
    • light reflective crystals (e.g. carnivores)
    • layer of extracellular fibres (e.g. ungulates)
21
Q

Label

A
22
Q

What does SACCADES mean?

A

rapid, ballistic movements of the eyes that abruptly change the point of fixation.

23
Q

What is the function of the VISUAL CORTICES?

A
  • processing visual data: they clean them up and makes calculations
    • merge info from both eyes
    • “remove” your nose
    • cancel out extraneous body and eye movement
    • speed of moving objects
    • small object or far object?
    • different object or just different angle
24
Q

What is OBJECT INVARIANCE’

A

a function of the visual cortex- allows us to recognize that different images from different viewing angles all represent the same thing

25
Q

Where is the association cortex located in the brain?

A
26
Q

What is EMOTIONAL LATERALIZATION?

A

The asymmetrical representation of emotional control and processing in the brain

  • positive stimuli / emotions processed on the left side of the brain in humans
  • negative stimuli / emotions processed on the right side of the brain in humans
  • Novelty / threat attended to more in left visual feild
  • animals in negative state are more likely to use left visual feild to process stimuli

ANSC 3090 (7 decks)

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