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Anatomy Unit 2 > PT Fossa & Nasal Cavity > Flashcards

PT Fossa & Nasal Cavity Flashcards

1
Q

What is the position of the PT fossa?

A

medial to zygomatic arch, lateral to palatine bone, posterior to maxilla, anterior to sphenoid bone and IT fossa

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2
Q

What are the contents of the PT fossa?

A

Branches of maxillary nerve, terminal branches of maxillary artery, and the autonomic ganglion (pterygopalatine ganglion)

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3
Q

What goes through foramen rotundum?

A

Maxillary nerve V2 coming from middle cranial fossa

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4
Q

What goes through the pterygoid canal (Vidian)?

A

Nerve of pterygoid canal (autonomics) + artery of pterygoid canal, from middle cranial fossa

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5
Q

What is the pterygoid canal?

A

It has a part in the cartilage of foramen lacerum as well as a bony part exiting the middle cranial fossa into the PT fossa. Carries the nerve of pterygoid canal + artery of pteryoid canal

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6
Q

When looking at the anterior view of the sphenoid bone, what is the superolateral to inferomedial arrangement of the major openings of the PT fossa?

A
  1. Foramen rotundum
  2. Pterygoid canal
  3. Palatovaginal groove
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7
Q

What goes through the palatovaginal canal?

A

Pharyngeal nerve (V2) + pharyngeal artery (branch of maxillary), empties into the nasal cavity (root is near pterygoid process on medial side, empties near vomer)

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8
Q

What does the pharyngeal nerve do?

A

Branch of maxillary nerve, it gives sensory info from nasopharynx, travels in palatovaginal canal with pharyngeal artery

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9
Q

What goes through the palatine canal?

A

Greater and lesser palatine nerves (V2), greater palatine artery. Connects with hard + soft palate, ends at greater palatine foramen

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10
Q

What goes through the alveolar foramen?

A

Posterior superior alveolar nerve (branch of V2) and artery, connects with upper teeth. It is a hole in the maxilla just deep to zygomatic arch anteriorly

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11
Q

What forms the inferior orbital fissure?

A

The sphenoid bone and the maxilla near the zygomatic arch, anterior to PT fossa.

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12
Q

What goes through the inferior orbital fissue?

A

Infra-orbital nerve, zygomatic nerve (all V2), and infraorbital artery. Connects with floor of orbit

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13
Q

What goes into the sphenopalatine foramen?

A

Nasal nerves of V2 (nasopalatine) and sphenopalatine artery. Entrance into the nasal cavity

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14
Q

Where does Maxillary nerve (V2) exit the middle cranial fossa?

A

Foramen rotundum, into PT fossa

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15
Q

What are the branches of the maxillary nerve in the PT fossa?

A
  1. Pharyngeal nerve
  2. Greater / lesser palatine nerves
  3. Posterior superior alveolar nerve
  4. Infraorbital nerves
  5. Zygomatic nerve
  6. Nasal nerves (large branch is nasopalatine)
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16
Q

What are the greater / lesser palatine nerves and where do they travel?

A

Both branches of V2, they travel through palatine canal with greater palatine artery (branches to lesser) to be released through their respective foramen.

Greater - sensory to hard palate
Lesser - sensory to soft palate

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17
Q

What is the posterior superior alveolar nerve and where does it travel?

A

Branch of V2, sensory info to upper molars and gingiva. Travels into alveolar foramen of maxilla with artery of same name

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18
Q

What are the infra-orbital nerves?

A

Branch of V2, sensory to orbital wall, sphenoid and ethmoid sinus via inferior orbital fissue. Passes out through infra-orbital foramen

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19
Q

What are two important branches of the infraorbital nerve?

A

Anterior and middle superior alveolar nerves, to the middle and front molars. Ultimately, sensory from V2

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20
Q

What is the zygomatic nerve?

A

Sensory to face, travels through inferior orbital fissure and branches into Z-facial and Z-temporal, exiting out those foramen

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21
Q

What are the nasal nerves?

A

Sensory from nasal cavity, travels through sphenopalatine foramen and the large branch is the nasopalatine for the medial nasal cavity

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22
Q

What is the function of the autonomics of the PT fossa? What do the nerve fibers ultimately travel with?

A

Modulates saliva secretion, mucous glands, and size of blood vessels

They are motor PANS branches of CN7 travelling with V2, wherever they need to go

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23
Q

What is the parasympathetic path to and from the PT fossa?

A

Preganglionic nerve body - brain nucleus CN7 (facial)
Axon - passes through genticulate ganglion, greater petrosal nerve, nerve of pterygoid canal
Postganglionic nerve body - synapses in PT ganglion

distributes branches with V2 fibers wherever they need to go (is still CN7 PANS)

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24
Q

What is the sympathetic path to and from the PT fossa?

A

Preganglionic nerve body - T1 spinal cord
Axon - travels to superior cervical ganglion
Postganglionic nerve body - superior cervical ganglion of sympathetic trunk
Axon - internal carotid nerve to internal carotid plexus to deep petrosal nerve to nerve of pterygoid canal, passes through PT ganglion and distributes with V2 branches (still T1 SANS)

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25
Q

What are the branches of the maxillary artery in the PT fossa?

A
  1. Artery of pterygoid canal
  2. Pharyngeal artery -> palatovaginal to nasopharynx
  3. Greater palatine artery
  4. Posterior superior alveolar artery
  5. Infraorbital artery
  6. Sphenopalatine artery
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26
Q

What is the greater palatine artery?

A

Branch of maxillary - gives off lesser palatine artery after entering palatine canal

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27
Q

What is the infraorbital artery and what is special about it?

A

It is a branch of the maxillary travelling through the inferior orbital fissure, it is special because unlike the nerve, it only gives of an anterior superior alveolar artery (no middle)

28
Q

What is the sphenopalatine artery?

A

Artery accompanying the nasopalatine nerve / nasal nerves into the nasal cavity through the sphenopalatine foramen. It is a branch of the maxillary artery

29
Q

What is the function of the nasal cavity?

A

To filter, warm, and humidify the air before it reaches the lungs

30
Q

What are the boundaries of the nasal cavity?

A

Floor: Hard palate
Medial Wall: Bone (vomer) & cartilage
Lateral Wall: Superior, middle, and inferior chonchae (turbinates)
Anterior: Nares and nasal vestibule
Posterior: Choanae (opening to nasopharynx)

31
Q

How does air flow through the nasal cavity?

A

Travels through the three meatus (inferior to corresponding choncae) and spheno-ethmoidal recess most superiorly

32
Q

What is a cell when referring to the nose?

A

Another name for a sinus

33
Q

What is the roof of the ethmoid bone?

A

The cribriform plate, containing openings for CN1 (olfaction)

34
Q

What are conchae and what is special about the inferior one?

A

They are also called turbinates, they warm and humidify air with their mucosa. The superior and middle ones attach to ethmoid sinuses on lateral wall, but the inferior one is actually a bone connecting to the walls of the maxilla!

It is called: inferior conchae bone, and they are paired

35
Q

What are the lateral to perpendicular plates of the ethmoid bone?

A

Underneath cribriform plate and between the orbits, contains ethmoidal sinus and superior + middle turbinates

36
Q

What is the ethmoidal bulla?

A

A bulge on the lateral wall on the medial surface of the middle meatus (below middle conchae). It is the elevation which is at or is the opening of the middle ethmoidal cells

37
Q

What is the lateral wall of the ethmoid bone?

A

The medial wall of the orbit

38
Q

What is the medial wall of the ethmoid bone?

A

forms perpendicular plate that forms part of the nasal septum (along with vomer)

39
Q

What are the bones of the medial wall of the nasal cavity?

A

Septal nasal cartilage anteriorly, vomer and perpendicular plate of ethmoid posteriorly

40
Q

What are the bones of the lateral wall of the nasal cavity?

A

Superior + middle turbinates by ethmoid bone, inferior concha bone. Frontal process of maxilla more anteriorly to the turbinates extending superiorly to touch frontal bone. Nasal bone most superiorly Some alar cartilage + septal cartilage.

41
Q

What external carotid branches supply the nasal cavity?

A

Maxillary branches: sphenopalatine (through sphenopalatine foramen) and greater palatine arteries (through incisive foramen)

Facial branches: Lateral nasal, superior labial

42
Q

What internal carotid blanches supply the nasal cavity?

A

Ophthalmic artery branches: Anterior and posterior ethmoidal arteries

43
Q

What is Kiesselbach’s / Little’s area?

A

Area of anastomoses of several blood vessels on anterrior-inferior medial nasal septum. It is the most common site of epistaxis

44
Q

What is the olfactory nerve? Where are its neurons located?

A

Olfactory neurons in olfactory epithelium region of spheno-ethmoid recess detect chemicals. Their axons pass through the cribriform plate to synapse in the olfactory bulb just above

45
Q

What ophthalmic nerve (V1) branches supply the nasal cavity?

A

Branches of nasociliary nerve - anterior and posterior ethmoidal nerve.

46
Q

What nerve innervates the frontal sinus?

A

Supraorbital nerve - from V1

47
Q

What nerve innervates the sphenoid and ethmoid sinuses?

A

Posterior ethmoidal, a branch of nasociliary - V1. As well as V2

48
Q

What gives off external nasal nerve?

A

The anterior ethmoidal nerve, a branch of the nasociliary nerve, a branch of V1

49
Q

What is the primary sensory innervation of the walls of the nasal cavity?

A

The nasal nerves of V2, which enter from the sphenopalatine foramen. The largest branch is the nasopalatine nerve

50
Q

What is the nasopalatine nerve?

A

Sensory nerve to medial wall of nasal cavity. It is the largest nasal nerve, and has a terminal branch that goes through the incisive foramen to supply oral mucosa behind the incisor teeth

51
Q

What is believed to cause brain freeze?

A

Nasopalatine nerve behind incisor teeth.

52
Q

What are paranasal sinuses?

A

Outgrowths of nasal cavity which function to humidify air and help voice resonance, they are air cells in bones. Include 4 pairs: maxillary, sphenoid, ethmoid, and frontal

53
Q

What lines paranasal sinuses?

A

respiratory epithelium, including ciliated and mucus. Would receive autonomics from V2

54
Q

What is the maxillary sinus?

A

The largest sinus, they are pyramidal in shape and open into the semilunar hiatus in the middle meatus (between uncinate process and ethmoidal bulla)

55
Q

What is the sphenoid sinus?

A

Opens into sphenoethmoidal recess, innervated by V1 (posterior ethmoidal nerve) and V2.

56
Q

How do surgeons reach the pituitary gland?

A

Through the sphenoid sinus. Sella turcica is right behind it.

57
Q

What is the ethmoid sinus?

A

There are 3 parts and they are paired. Anterior, middle, and posterior. They are all innervated by V1 (anterior and posterior ethmoidal nerves) and V2 (nasal nerves)

58
Q

What is the opening of the anterior ethmoid sinus?

A

Frontonasal duct, this is shared opening of frontal sinus

59
Q

What is the opening of the middle ethmoid sinus?

A

Ethmoidal bulla

60
Q

What is the opening of the posterior ethmoid sinus?

A

Lateral superior nasal meatus, near superior conchae

61
Q

What does the frontal sinus drain into?

A

Same as anterior ethmoid sinus, the frontonasal duct which is part of semilunar hiatus

62
Q

What is the frontal sinus?

A

Triangular shaped, opens into middle meatus (semilunar hiatus via frontonasal duct), innervated by V1 (supraorbital nerve)

63
Q

What epithelium lines the nasal vestibule?

A

Only skin and hair follicles, no respiratory and olfactory epithelium (that’s past vestibule)

64
Q

What is the frontonasal duct?

A

Part of the semilunar hiatus, it is the opening of the frontal cell and anterior ethmoid cell

65
Q

What is the semilunar hiatus?

A

Opening of maxillary sinus. It is beneath the ethmoidal bulla and above the uncinate process above the inferior nasal concha, within the middle meatus.

66
Q

What empties into the inferior meatus?

A

Nasolacrimal duct

67
Q

What causes sinusitis and what is it?

A

Caused by opening of sinuses becoming blocked via allergies or infection, and mucus accumulating. It is inflammation of mucous membranes lining the sinuses, and may be in one or multiple

Anatomy Unit 2 (13 decks)

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