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Anatomy Unit 2 > Oral Cavity & Pharynx > Flashcards

Oral Cavity & Pharynx Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two components of the oral cavity?

A

The vestibule and the mouth proper.

The oral cavity opens to the orifice of the mouth. It relates posteriorly to the oropharynx

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2
Q

What is the vestibule of the mouth?

A

Slit-like opening between the lips/cheek and gums / teeth. The buccinator muscle helps to push food out of the vestibule and between your molars.

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3
Q

What is the function of the palate?

A

Separates oral cavity from nasal cavity & nasopharynx

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4
Q

What is the hard palate and what is it formed by?

A

It is the bony anterior 2/3 of roof of mouth, formed by maxilla and palatine bones. It is bounded anteriorly and laterally by alveolar processes and gingivae. It continuous with the soft palate posteriorly

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5
Q

What is the incisive fossa? What courses through it?

A

foramen located anteriorly in hard palate behind maxillary central incisor. Transmits nasopalatine nerve (V2) and terminal branch of greater palatine artery as it anastomoses with sphenopalatine artery from nasal sinus.

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6
Q

What is the nasopalatine nerve?

A

Branch of V2 that is sensory to the mucosa of the anterior hard palate behind the upper incisor teeth.

Passes through the incisive foramen

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7
Q

Where is the greater palatine foramen located?

A

Medial to maxillary third molar, between the palatine boned and the maxillary bone, between the horizontal plate and pyramidal process.

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8
Q

What goes through the greater palatine foramen and what are their functions?

A

Greater palatine nerve (V2), sensory to mucosa of hard palate not supplied by nasopalatine nerve.

Greater palatine artery - will anastomose with sphenopalatine artery at incisive foramen.

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9
Q

What gives the mucosa of the hard palate an orange-peel like appearance?

A

The orifices of the mucous-secreting ducts that are deep to the mucosa - the palatine glands.

The mucous membrane is connected to the periosteum

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10
Q

What is the function of the soft palate? What does it do at rest and during swallowing?

A

Separates the nasopharynx from the oropharynx.
At rest: it hangs into the pharynx
During swallowing: Moves against the pharynx and prevents food regurgitation into the nasal cavity

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11
Q

What are the lateral and medial attachments of the soft palate?

A

Lateral: Continues with the wall of the pharynx, and connects to tongue by palatoglossal and palatopharyngeal arches
Medial: Free-hanging, conical object called uvula

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12
Q

Where is the lesser palatine foramen and what courses through it?

A

It is just posterior to and is smaller than the greater palatine foramen.
Lesser palatine nerve and artery course through

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13
Q

What are the functions of the lesser palatine nerve and artery?

A

Provides sensory (V2) innervation and blood to the soft palate.

Travels through lesser palatine foramen

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14
Q

What is the attachment for all soft palate muscles?

A

The expanded tendon of tensor veli palatini called palatine aponeurosis

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15
Q

What is the tensor veli palatini, what is its function and innervation?

A

Muscle connecting from scaphoid fossa between medial and lateral pterygoid plates, passing through hamulus of medial pterygoid plate and attaching to palatine aponeurosis

Function: Tenses soft palate by pulling on aponeurosis
Innervation: V3 (only one of soft palate)

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16
Q

What is the levator veli palatini, what is its function and innervation?

A

Associates closely with auditory tube. Elevates soft palate by pulling on aponeurosis
Innervation: Vagus nerve (CNX)

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17
Q

What is the palatoglossus, what is its function and innervation?

A

Only muscle of tongue not innervated by hypoglossal (CN12). Also makes the anterior arch of throat (palatoglossal arch)

Function: Elevates posterior tongue
Innervation: Vagus nerve (CNX)

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18
Q

What is the palatopharyngeus, what is its function and innervation?

A

Muscle making the posterior arch of the throat (palatopharyngeal arch).

Function: Tenses soft palate and elevates pharynx to allow food to pass in, while also closing the nasopharynx (constricts arch when swallowing)

Innervation: Vagus nerve (CNX)

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19
Q

What is the musculus uvulae, what is its function and innervation?

A

Muscle in the uvula

Function: Shortens uvula and pulls it superiorly, thus closing the nasopharynx during swallowing.

Innervation: Vagus nerve (CNX)

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20
Q

What is the cranial nerve X test?

A

Saying “ahh” forces you to use levator veli palatini. If one side was lesioned, the uvula would point away from it (since it is drooped down and not tensed)

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21
Q

What divides the two parts of the tongue?

A

The V-shaped sulcus terminalis, which has palatoglossal arches on either side

Anterior 2/3: Oral part (CN5/7)
Posterior 1/3: Pharyngeal part (CN9)

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22
Q

What are the lingual veins and why are they important?

A

They are veins on either side of frenulum which attaches to the oral tongue. They are important because they drain into facial vein or IJV, and can mediate quick absorption of oral medications (i.e. nitroglycerin for angina)

23
Q

How does gag reflex work?

A

Sensory to posterior 1/3 of tongue (pharyngeal tongue) and pharyngeal walls is by CN9

Primarily CN10 supplies the muscles of the soft palate and pharynx, and should close the oropharynx efferently.

24
Q

What are the four extrinsic muscles of the tongue that move and alter its shape? What are the innervations

A
  1. Genioglossus - CN12
  2. Hyoglossus - CN12
  3. Styloglossus - CN12
  4. Palatoglossus - CN10 (the exception)
25
Q

What is the function of genioglossus?

A

Protrudes tongue (via posterior fibers), also depresses

26
Q

What is the function of hyoglossus?

A

Depresses tongue

27
Q

What is the function of palatoglossus?

A

Raises posterior tongue (CN10)

28
Q

What is the function of styloglossus?

A

Retrudes tongue, and may curl sides since it attaches to sides.

29
Q

What is the CN12 test?

A

Ask patient to stick their tongue out, tongue will stick towards paralyzed side (think of shopping cart pushing). It will not be pushed as hard on the paralyzed side.

30
Q

Where does the hypoglossal nerve run?

A

Passes between mylohyoid and hyoglossus muscles.

31
Q

Where does the lingual nerve run?

A

Passes BENEATH the submandibular duct before curving superiorly to the tongue mucosa.

32
Q

What does the lingual artery relate to?

A

Passes deep to hyoglossus muscle and travels with dorsal lingual vein

33
Q

What is the pharynx? What spinal levels does it extend to?

A

Fibromuscular tube extending from base of skull to around CV6, connecting oral cavity to digestive system. Widest at hyoid bone and narrowest at esophogus. It transports air to larynx and food to the esophagus.

34
Q

What are the three sections of the pharynx and its innervations?

A
  1. Nasopharynx - Posterior to nasal cavity and superior to soft palate (V2)
  2. Oropharynx - Posterior to tongue and superior to epiglottus (CN9)
  3. Laryngopharynx - Posterior to larynx and superior to esophagus (CN10)
35
Q

What are the tissue layers of the pharynx from outside to inside?

A
  1. Mucosa - as in oral / nasal cavities
  2. Pharyngobasilar fascia (from basilar portion of occipital bone downward) - fills in gaps between pharyngeal muscles
  3. Muscular layer - inner longitudinal and outer circular parts
  4. Buccopharyngeal fascia - Posterior pretracheal fascia that permits movement of pharynx and contains pharyngeal plexus of CN9 and CN10
36
Q

Where can infections or tumors the spread from retropharyngeal space go?

A

Superior mediastinum

37
Q

What are the three external muscles of the pharynx? What is their innervation?

A
  1. Superior constrictor - cheek / mandible level
  2. Middle constrictor - hyoid bone level
  3. Inferior constrictor - thyroid and cricoid level

All innervated by CN10 (pharyngeal plexus)

38
Q

How do the three constrictor muscles of the pharynx insert?

A

They all insert posteriorly on the tendinous raphe (seam), and they overlap, with the superior being the deepest

They function to move food inferiorly to the esophagus

39
Q

What are the internal (longitudinal) pharyngeal muscles? What are their innervations? Function?

A
  1. Stylopharyngeus - only CN9 muscle
  2. Palatopharyngeus - CN10
  3. Salpingopharyngeus - CN10

All elevate larynx and pharynx during swallowing & speaking

40
Q

What is the stylopharyngeus muscle?

A

It is the only CN9 muscle, pulls pharynx towards styloid to elevate pharynx

41
Q

What is the salpingopharyngeus muscle?

A

It is attached to the posterior wall of the auditory tube and opens the pharyngeal orifice of auditory tube during swallowing to make the clicking sound.
Allows for equalization of pressure between auditory tube and pharynx!!!

42
Q

What are adenoids? What do they cause?

A

They are the pharyngeal tonsils. They are located in the roof and posterior wall of the nasopharynx, and are often enlarged in kids to partially obstruct airflow and cause mouthbreathing

43
Q

Where is the pharyngeal orifice of the auditory tube? What is its special fold called which overlies the tube?

A

It is located above the soft palate in the lateral wall, in the nasopharynx. The special fold around it is called the torus tubarius. Posterior wall of orifice has salpingopharyngeus muscle + fold

44
Q

What is the pharyngeal recess?

A

A structure of the nasopharynx, a lateral slit-like recess posterior to the salpingopharyngeal fold

45
Q

What are the tubal tonsils and what is their clinical significance?

A

They are located in the submucosa of nasopharynx posterior to the auditory orifice. Infection spreading from the pharyngeal tonsils to the tubal tonsils can close auditory tube and enter the middle ear cavity (otitis media) to cause hearing loss

46
Q

Where are the palatine tonsils located?

A

They are in the oropharynx, located between the palatoglossal and palatopharyngeal folds. They extend superiorly into the soft palate

47
Q

What is the tonsillar bed?

A

The resting place of the palatine tonsils. Beneath the bed fascia are the palatopharyngeus and superior constrictor muscles

48
Q

What is cauderized during tonsillectomy? What is at risk for damage?

A

Cauderize: some small arteries and the external palatine vein, which is found in the tonsillar bed.

At risk for damage: Glossopharyngeal nerve (CN9), sits in tonsillar bed. If damaged, sensory information to posterior tongue and oropharynx is lost ipsilateral to injury

49
Q

What are two causes for dysphagia and what is it?

A

Dysphagia - difficulty in swallowing.

  1. Alcoholism
  2. Bulbar Palsy - motor fibers of CN9 and CN10 degenerate, which control swallowing
50
Q

What muscles are in the laryngopharynx?

A

Middle and inferior constrictors (posterior and lateral walls), stylopharyngeus muscle, palatopharyngeus muscle

51
Q

What is the name of the inlet by which the laryngopharynx communicates with the larynx?

A

Aditus (inlet) of the larynx

52
Q

What space is on each side of the aditus of the larynx? What happens when something gets caught in here?

A

Piriform recess - a pear-shaped depression in which food / objects may become lodged in children. Sensory CNX fibers give uncomfortable feeling that something is caught in throat, but it is not choking.

53
Q

What is the lateral rim of the epiglottus called?

A

The aryepiglottic fold, it is between the aditus and the piriform recess

54
Q

What forms the lateral boundary of the piriform recess?

A

The thyroid cartilage

Anatomy Unit 2 (13 decks)

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