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Anatomy Unit 2 > Anterior Neck Triangle > Flashcards

Anterior Neck Triangle Flashcards

1
Q

What are the infrahyoid muscle?

A

Also called the strap muscles, they include the sternothyroid, thyrohyoid, omohyoid, and sternohyoid
They are all supplied by the ansa cervicalis

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2
Q

What are the four triangles of the neck?

A

Carotid, Muscular, Submental, and submandibular

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3
Q

What is the omohyoid?

A

Strap muscle consisting of two bellies. First belly is inferior from the upper border of scapula near the notch, til it inserts on middle tendon behind SCM. Superior belly attaches on the hyoid bone. The strap is held anchored to the clavicle by a fascial sling.

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4
Q

What are the boundaries of the carotid triangle?

A

Anterior: Superior belly of omohyoid
Posterior: Anterior border of SCM
Superior: Posterior belly of digastric and stylohyoid
Floor: Posteriorly - inferior pharyngeal constrictor
Anteriorly - Thyrohyoid muscle and hyoglossus
Roof: Investing layer of fascia, cutaneous nerves and platysma

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5
Q

What is the common carotid artery?

A

Artery that arises from aortic arch on left side, and brachiocephalic on right side (posterior to sternoclavicular joint)

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6
Q

What three things run in the carotid sheath?

A

Internal jugular vein, vagus nerve, and common carotid artery (posterior and medial to SCM)

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7
Q

What does the common carotid artery become?

A

Bifurcates into the external carotid and internal carotid at about the superior border of the thyroid cartilage

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8
Q

What is the carotid sinus?

A

Dilatation at proximal part of internal carotid artery, acts as a BAROreceptor regulating BP and blood flow to brain. Pressure on the sinus stimulates the sinus nerve which slows HR and decreases BP via vagus nerve.

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9
Q

What nerve innervates carotid sinus and what does it cause?

A

Carotid sinus nerve, a branch of glossopharyngeal nerve (CN9)

Stimulates vagus nerve (CN10) to decrease blood pressure

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10
Q

What is the carotid body?

A

Located in bifurcation of common carotid, it is made up of neuroepithelial cells which are chemoreceptors. Functions to measure chemical changes in blood stream (oxygen, CO2) and can modulate blood through to ensure proper oxygen gets to brain. Innervated by carotid sinus nerve (same as carotid sinus)

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11
Q

What is the external carotid artery?

A

Branch of common, it runs medial and posterior to the posterior digastric belly and enters the parotid gland near the ramus of mandible. Terminates into superficial temporal and maxillary arteries. Supplies most structures of upper neck and face

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12
Q

What are the branches of the external carotid artery?

A
  1. Superior thyroid
  2. Ascending pharyngeal
  3. Lingual
  4. Facial
  5. Occipital
  6. Posterior auricular
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13
Q

What is the superior thyroid artery?

A

First branch of the external carotid, supplies the thyroid gland. Relates to the external laryngeal nerve near the thyroid gland.

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14
Q

What is the superior laryngeal artery?

A

A branch of the superior thyroid artery, accompanies the large internal laryngeal nerve through the thyrohyoid membrane to supply the larynx

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15
Q

What is the ascending pharyngeal artery?

A

Small artery arising close to the bifurcation of common carotid, running medially towards pharyngeal wall. Supplies palatine tonsil and pharynx

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16
Q

What is the lingual artery?

A

Artery arising just inferior to the posterior belly of the digastric muscle, supplies tongue. Runs between the hyoglossus muscle and middle pharyngeal constrictor in the submandibular triangle.

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17
Q

What is the facial artery?

A

Arises just superior to lingual artery and often they share a linguofacial trunk. Supplies the face. Intimately related to submandibular gland

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18
Q

What is the occipital artery?

A

Arises from posterior aspect of external carotid, courses up and backward deep to posterior belly of digastric. Hypoglossal nerve passes the artery near its origin.

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19
Q

What is the posterior auricular artery?

A

Small branch arising superior to posterior belly of digastric supplying the ear and scalp.

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20
Q

Where does the internal carotid go?

A

After bifurcating from the common, it enters the skull through the carotid canal of the temporal bone, and ends in the middle cranial fossa by dividing into anterior and middle cerebral arteries.

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21
Q

What is the spacial relations of the internal carotid as it ascends into the carotid canal?

A

Deep to posterior belly of digastric, the external carotid is first anteromedial and then becomes lateral to it. External jugular vein is always lateral, along with vagus nerve. It lies on the superior cervical ganglion, sympathetic trunk, prevertebral muscules, and transverse processes of CV1-3. The pharynx is medial.

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22
Q

What is the cavernous sinus and what is in it?

A

Internal carotid artery after passing through the carotid canal of temporal bone. Forms a U-shaped carotid siphon, which is clinically important because it is the site of aneurism

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23
Q

What is the vagus nerve and where does it run?

A

Cranial nerve 10 - emerges from jugular foramen along with 9th and 11th cranial nerves. Supplies motor branches to pharynx and larynx. Has superior ganglion in jugular foramen, and inferior ganglion below the foramen.

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24
Q

What is the superior laryngeal nerve?

A

A branch of the vagus nerve, divides into large internal laryngeal nerve (travelling with superior laryngeal artery) which is sensory to the laryngeal mucosa above the vocal cords, as well as the small external laryngeal nerve (motor) which accompaneis the superior thyroid artery to supply the cricothyroid muscle muscle and part of inferior constrictor muscle.

25
Q

What does damage to the external laryngeal nerve cause?

A

A change in voice quality, since this nerve supplies the cricothyroid muscle. It is a sign of vagal nerve disorder

26
Q

What muscles does the external laryngeal nerve supply?

A

A branch of the vagus nerve (superior laryngeal nerve branch), it supplies the cricothyroid muscle and part of inferior constrictor muscle of pharynx

27
Q

What is the recurrent laryngeal nerve?

A

Nerve that is sensory to laryngeal mucosa below the vocal cords, and supplies motor to all intrinsic laryngeal muscles except cricothyroid (supplied by external laryngeal nerve)

28
Q

What is the course of recurrent laryngeal nerve?

A

Nerve originates far caudally and runs back to the neck to supply muscles of larynx. Related to the inferior thyroid artery, enters the larynx behind the cricothyroid joint
Right: From vagus first part of subclavian, runs around it, and ascends in the groove between trachea and esophagus
Left: Arises in thorax and winds around aortic arch

29
Q

Where does the hypoglossal nerve come from?

A

Arising from the hypoglossal canal, it courses posterior to the posterior digastric belly, crossing external carotid and occipital artery. Enters submandibular triangle coursing deep to digastric belly and between hyoglossis and mylohyoid muscles.

30
Q

What is the function of the hypoglossal nerve?

A

Supplies all intrinsic and extrinsic muscles of the tongue except palatoglossus

31
Q

Where does the internal jugular vein travel in the carotid triangle and neck in general?

A

Travels in carotid sheath, related to vagus nerve and carotid arteries. Begins as a dilated continuation of sigmoid sinus and enters neck through jugular foramen

32
Q

What is the muscular triangle?

A

Boundaries are bottom part of superior omohyoid belly, anterior border of SCM, and midline of neck. It contains the strap muscles.

33
Q

What is the submental triangle?

A

Triangle formed by anterior bellies of digastric muscles, body of hyoid bone, and mandibular symphysis. Contains some lymph nodes and tributaries forming the anterior jugular

34
Q

What forms the anterior, posterior, and superior borders of the submandibular / digastric triangle?

A

Anterior: Anterior digastric muscle
Posterior: Posterior digastric muscle, stylohyoid muscle
Superior: Inferior border of mandible

35
Q

What is the digastric muscle’s attachments, innervation, and action?

A

Posterior attachment: Mastoid notch on medial aspect of mastoid process
Anterior attachment: Digastric fossa of mandible
Intermediate tendon is anchored to hyoid bone by fascial sling from investing layer.
Innervation: Anterior belly - Mylohyoid nerve (branch of CN5). Posterior belly - Facial nerve (CN7)
Action: Lowers mandible and raises hyoid bone

36
Q

What is the origin, insertion, innervation, and actions of the stylohyoid muscle?

A

Origin: styloid process of temporal bone
Insertion: Hyoid bone
Innervation: Facial nerve - CN7
Action: Pulls hyoid bone posteriorly and superiorly

37
Q

What muscles form the floor of the submandibular triangle?

A

Mylohyoid, geniohyoid, hyoglossus, and middle pharyngeal constrictor

38
Q

What is the mylohyoid muscle?

A

Origin: Mylohyoid line of mandible
Insertion: Superior aspect of hyoid bone
Innervation: Mylohyoid nerve
Action: depression of mandible, elevation of hyoid bone, elevation of tonge
Continuous with both sides and posterior to anterior bellies of digastric muscles

39
Q

What is the geniohyoid muscle?

A

Narrow muscle lying deep to the mylohyoid muscle.
Origin: Inferior mental spine of mandible
Attachment: Anterior surface of hyoid bone
Innervation: CV1 of cervical plexus

40
Q

What is the hyoglossus muscle?

A

Origin: Greater horn of hyoid bone
Insertion: Tongue, 90 degree angle to mylohyoid muscle
Innervation: Hypoglossal nerve (which runs anterior to it)
Action: Depresses tongue

41
Q

What is the middle pharyngeal constrictor?

A

Fanshaped muscle
Origin: Superior border of greater horn of hyoid
Insertion: Posterior median fibrous raphe
Action: Brings hyoid back to constrict the pharynx and push food down

42
Q

What is the submandibular gland?

A

A paired salivary gland lying in the center of the submandibular triangle, filling most of it. It is covered by the investing layer of fascia, and has a superficial and deep part

43
Q

What crosses the superficial part of the submandibular gland?

A

Facial vein and branches of the facial nerve

Superficial = closer to skin of chin, so not closer to tongue

44
Q

What is embedded in a groove in the posterior border of the submandibular gland?

A

Facial artery

45
Q

What nerve loops under the duct of the submandibular gland?

A

Lingual nerve

46
Q

what carries the product of the submandibular gland?

A

Submandibular duct, a small tube formed in the deep surface of the gland. Runs anteriorly between mylohyoid and hyoglossus muscle and opens at the tongue by a narrow orifice

47
Q

What innervates the submandibular gland as well as sublingual gland?

A

Submandibular ganglion (parasympathetic and secretomotor)

48
Q

What is the sublingual gland?

A

Small salivary gland that lies in floor of mouth between mandible and genioglossus. It is inferior to the floor of the mouth (sublingual fold) and superior to the mylohyoid

49
Q

How does the sublingual gland drain its product?

A

It has numerous sublingual ducts which open to the floor of the mouth

50
Q

What is the path of the facial artery?

A

After branching from external carotid, it goes deep to posterior belly of digastric, enters groove in posterior border of submandibular gland, turns downward and winds round the lower border of the mandible at the anterior margin of the masseter muscle, before proceeding up the face

51
Q

What is the path of the facial vein?

A

Begins at the medial angle of the eye as the angular vein and ends in the internal jugular vein

52
Q

What is the path of the lingual artery?

A

Arises from the external carotid between superior thyroid and facial artery, anteriorly courses posterior (deep) to the hyoglossus and gives blood to tongue

53
Q

What is the mylohyoid nerve?

A

Branch of trigeminal nerve (mandibular V3) supplies motor innervation to mylohyoid and anterior belly of digastric. Lies superficial to mylohyoid muscle

54
Q

What is the hypoglossal nerve (CNXII)?

A

Nerve coursing between mylohyoid and hyoglossus muscles, supplies muscles of tongue except for palatoglossus

55
Q

What is the lingual nerve?

A

Branch of trigeminal nerve (CN5) (mandibular V3) and receives taste fibers from the facial nerve via chorda tympani. It runs between mylohyoid and hyoglossus muscles (with CN12). Gives sensory innervation to anterior 2/3 of tongue. The taste to anterior 2/3 is given by chorda tympani (CN7)

56
Q

What is the function of the submandibular ganglion?

A

Relay station for secretomotor fibers of the facial nerve. Parasympathetic postganglionic secretomotor fibers leave the ganglion to supply the submandibular and sublingual glands

57
Q

Where is the submandibular ganglion located?

A

Between mylohyoid and hyoglossus muscles and suspended from the lingual nerve

58
Q

What is the chorda tympani?

A

Carries CN7 (Facial nerve) taste fibers to anterior 2/3 of tongue along with the CN5 fibers of the lingual nerve.

Anatomy Unit 2 (13 decks)

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