pt 3 exam

Question 1

What is linguistic anthropology?

Answer 1

subfield of anthropology that:
* Studies human language as part of human
culture.
* Examines ways humans use language to create a cultural model of the world and how that model influences the way they live
* Addresses how language helps to divide people into social groups, * how these linguistically-based power divisions change or are maintained.

Question 2

t/f Linguistic anthropology is holistic

Answer 2

true: : focused on language in the larger
context of culture/human life

Question 3

t/f linguistic anthro isn’t comparative

Answer 3

false: based on comparisons between linguistic/cultural (“languagculture”) systems, again seen in a holistic way

Question 4

t/f Linguistic anthropology is experiment-based

Answer 4

false: Fieldwork-based: relies on data from real,
naturally-occurring speech in cultural
context

Question 5

what arethe 3 main reasons why language is important

Answer 5

1.) makes us human
2.) cannot live social lives without it
3.) complex way of communication and social action

Question 6

4 Features of Language

Answer 6

1.) Complex: there are more ways of speaking
than there are atoms in the universe.
2.) Creative: new ways of speaking are being
developed every second
3.) Social (learned, interactional): it is the
primary means of cultural transmission
4.) Dynamic (changes over time): innovation
and drift change language structures over
time leading to new dialects and eventually
new languages.

Question 7

Linguistics is the study of human speech. Linguistic anthropology is the study of

Answer 7

human speech in its cultural context

Question 8

Linguists study language in term of these 6 things:

Answer 8

1.) phonetics (study of sounds of human language)
2.) phonology (study of sound systems in particular languages)
3.) morphology (study of word formation)
4.) syntax (study of how words relate to each other in language - grammar)
5.) semantics (study of word meanings, definitions and underlying)
6.) pragmatics (study of words-as-actions, the effects of utterances)

Question 9

phonetics and phenomics from a etic and emic view

Answer 9

EMIC
inside the system; the meaning of speech sounds as they’re perceived by speakers of the language
ETIC
the view from outside; providing exact description of speech sounds

Question 10

semantics is

Answer 10

The branch of linguistics concerned with meaning of words + differences

ex.) “i need to use the restroom” (US)
“i need to use the washroom” (CA)

Question 11

what is etymology

Answer 11

the study of the origin of words and the way in which their meanings have changed throughout history

Question 12

What is biological anthropology?

Answer 12

Biological anthropology is the subfield of anthropology that focuses on the human body. they often examine evolution, adaption, illness, health, diet, forensics, etc.

Question 13

Often biological anthropologists specialize in a certain area of study, such as:

Answer 13

• Forensic anthropology
• Medical anthropology
• Paleopathology
• Human ancient DNA
• Food and dietary studies
• Dental anthropology
• Skeletal biology
• Human evolution

Question 14

Medical anthropology is

Answer 14

the study human health and illness,

may study impacts of differential access to
knowledge and financial means on health and disease outcomes on subsets of a population.

Folk medicines and traditional healing may be a focus, as too the differing cultural perceptions of illness and wellbeing.

Question 15

Paleopathology is the study of

Answer 15

ancient diseases and how they manifest themselves on surviving human tissues (typical skeletal).

This might include diagnosing degenerative
diseases

Such identifications can help with understanding the life history of the
individuals who exhibit these conditions, as
well as contributing to the study of the
disease itself.

Question 16

Dental anthropology is the study of the
relationship between

Answer 16

human behaviour (particularly diet), health, ancestry, and cultural practices and tooth morphology, modification, wear and
pathologies.

Question 17

Skeletal biologists are concerned with how

Answer 17

an individual’s life history is reflected in the
morphology of the skeletal tissues, and on
how health and diet impact bone growth.

Question 18

t/f the study of human evolution is a fundamental part of biological anthro

Answer 18

true:

Biological anthropologists are
responsible for the reconstruction of
the human evolutionary tree, and the
characterization of the biology of our
ancestral relatives.
Some biological anthropologists focus
on the evolution of more specific
aspects of our biology, such as
handedness or bipediality.

Question 19

Research with living or dead humans requires ethical approval and at the minimum requires _____ ______

Answer 19

informed consent

Question 20

Cultural anthropology is one of the four subfields of anthropology that is

Answer 20

1. Primarily concerned with living people and
   their social lives;
2. Committed to developing understanding of the different ways people live, think, and conceive of the world;
3. Often focused on specific aspects of society,
   such as food, economy, religious practices,
   sexuality, marriage and kinship.
4. May be involve working with specific
   communities to help draw attention to
   challenges or to achieve political goals (e.g.,
   activist anthropology)
5. Has many ethical and moral responsibilities.

Question 21

4 subfields of anthropology

Answer 21

1.) linguistics
2.) archeology
3.) biology
4.) cultural

Question 22

Often anthropologists specialize in a certain area of culture, such as

Answer 22

• Economy and Production
• Law and Political Organization
• Sexuality and Gender
• Food and Commensality
• Music and Dance
• Religion and Ideology
• Households, Families and Kinship

Question 23

Ontology is

Answer 23

the nature of being and existence

Question 24

Epistemology is

Answer 24

the theory of knowledge and belief; how we encounter and learn about the world around us

Question 25

Clowns have been described as ____ or representations of _____ beings

Answer 25

liminal or representations of other-than-human beings

Question 26

The American Anthropological Association lists four skills anthropologists are good at:

Answer 26

• communicating
• recognizing varied perspectives
• seeing the big picture
• gathering, integrating, synthesizing
  and analyzing data

Question 27

Cultural information may come from

Answer 27

1. Ethnographic fieldwork
2. Interviews or questionnaires
3. Participant observations
4. Using historical documentation and film

Question 28

Archaeology is a branch of anthropology that:

Answer 28

Studies the material residues of human behaviour and action. Then use the residues to infer and identify patterns of behaviours

Is the only discipline that takes a long-term view of human cultural change.

Question 29

Archaeological data may come from

Answer 29

1. Archaeological excavations or surveys
2. The study of material culture (artifacts
   and structures, rock art)
3. Food remains and food residues (e.g.,
   bones, seeds, or residues left on pots,
   grinding tools or cutting tools)
4. The study of ethnographic data or
   ethnographic observations

Question 30

Context means knowing where artifacts and
other pieces of information were:

Answer 30

1. located in space
2. located stratigraphically
3. in association with.
4. can we be confident about how old they are

Question 31

Geographic location (spatial position)

Answer 31

Allows archaeologists to plot artifacts in space and from that infer patterns of behaviour

Question 32

Stratigraphy and the law of superposition

Answer 32

Allows archaeologists to establish what is older and younger plus the formation processes of the soil layers

In stratigraphy, it isn’t absolute depth that matters, but stratigraphic depth.

Question 33

Archaeologists are able to date material they
find using different methods:

Answer 33

1. Relatively (e.g., using stratigraphy, the law of superposition says that material in stratigraphically deeper layers is older than material in younger layers);
2. (absolute) dating method such as radiocarbon dating (organic) or radioluminescence dating (minerals).
3. (Comparative) stylistic or technological similarities (e.g., pottery made in a particular way and following a specific style is likely to be the same age
   if from the same region).

Question 34

Archaeologists construct interpretations of
past behaviours from observing data patterns
from excavations, surveys or artifact analysis.
To build a strong interpretation, we need:

Answer 34

1. Spatial control (can we be certain about where the data is from?)
2. Contextual control (can we be certain about what it was found with?)
3. Dating information (can we be certain of its
   age?)
4. Is it parsimonious? How many additional
   assumptions or unobservable processes does our interpretation require? The simplest explanation with fewest assumptions is usually the best…

Question 35

what is enthographic fieldwork

Answer 35

Ethnographic fieldwork
(Cultural anthropologists, with permission
of their host community, may choose to
live with a group of people for several
weeks, months or years to conduct
ethnographic field research.)

Question 36

questionaires/interviews may be ___ or __-_____

Answer 36

Interviews or questionnaires
(Interviews may be structured (i.e., a set of specific questions about the phenomenon of interest), or semi-structured (more like a guided conversation).Ex. of structured:
“Who do you eat lunch with?” Semi-structured:
“Tell me about how you eat lunch”)

Question 37

way of observing cultures sometimes has anthropologists observe human behaviour via participation

Answer 37

Participant observations