lecture 3

Question 1

T/F neanderthals were adapted for the warm

Answer 1

False: they were cold adapted

Question 2

Where and when did H. Sapiens evolve

Answer 2

• dates and fossils from Jebel Irhound in Morocco suggests our species emerged across Africa.
• Herto, Ethiopia: Homo spains 160 kya
• earliest modern humans in North Africa ~ 300 kya

Question 3

what is special about mode 4 technologies

Answer 3

• used by H. sapiens
• pressure flaking
• ~75 kya

Question 4

Diepkloof rock shelter

Answer 4

• long sequence of occupations including pressure flaked stone tools
• shell fragments are engraved with complex symbolic designs

Question 5

when did modern humans migrate from Africa?

Answer 5

~ 120 kya

Question 6

what are homo floresiensis

Answer 6

• lived ~100 - 50 kya
• found on island of Flores, Indonesia
• approx. 1.1m tall
• probably island dwarfism (insular populations have low genetic diversity and are more subject to drift)

Question 7

Lake Mungo, Australia

Answer 7

• some oldest sites in australia are in the southeatern part of the country in lake mungo
• contains hearths and shells dating between 60 - 40 kya
• oldest known human remains are from lake mungo
• australia indg art is the oldest unbroken artistic tradition in the world

Question 8

white sands, new mexico

Answer 8

• former lake/wetland now closed basin
• mammoth, sloth, canid, felid, etc. tracks perserved in lake mud
• 61 humans identified

Question 9

what’s different about the upper paleolithic revolution

Answer 9

• mode 4
• more complex toolkits
• specialization in bone tools
• personal ornaments + art
• transport (exchange) of raw material

Question 10

T/F modern humans encountered earlier species of homo, including H neanderthals

Answer 10

True: they likely interbred with them

Question 11

Sunghir site

Answer 11

• Russia
• one of the earliest known cemeteries created by modern humans
• 34 - 30 kya

1.) 30 kya, adult male, mammoth ivory beads + arm bands, fox tooth pendants, red ochre, spear point. possibly high social status

2/3.) 30 kya, 2 14 yr/o twin boys, head to head, red ochre filled adult femur, 5k mammoth beads each, fox tooth belt, ivory arm bands, 16 ivory spears

Question 12

“Il principe”/ the prince - archeological site of Arene Candid, Italy

Answer 12

• 23 kya
• adolescent male
• bed of red ochre
• head surrounded by hundreds of perforated chells and canines of deer, shells , pendants of mammoth ivory
• 4 perforated “batons de commandement” of elk antler against arms
• 23cm blade

Question 13

what are the 3 main types of upper paleolithic art that’s survived

Answer 13

1.) parietal art (caves)
2.) portable art (figurines)
3.) bone tools with decorative embellishment (symbolic)

Question 14

T/F oldest unambiguous figurines date to the middle paleolithic

Answer 14

false: from the upper palaeolithic, from 38 kya

Question 15

the oldest unambiguous __ dates to the upper palaeolithic from about 45 kya

Answer 15

art

Question 16

cave of lascaux

Answer 16

• 15 - 17 kya
• art depictions
• cave sealed for perhaps 15 kya
• discovered by chance in southwestern france in 1940
• cave contains most important collection of upper paleolithic art in the world
• the cave was not inhabited, only briefly visited by artists
• paintings are exclusively animals
• light and some form of scaffolding would have been needed to paint the caves

Question 17

emic vs etic interpretation of cave art

Answer 17

EMIC
- sympathetic magic
- shamanistic rituals
- initiation rites
ETIC
- structure and context
- information
- process and function -

Question 18

what are dysphoric rituals

Answer 18

rearrange memory and experience and overwhelm our capacities to reckon
can result in a phenomenon that has been called “identity fusion” when members of a group identify as one another

Question 19

what is shaman

Answer 19

part-time religious practitioner who interacts with spirits on behalf a community/individual

shamanism = term used to describe the practices that involve healing, magic, divination, consciousness and harming.