PSYU3399 internet pornography Flashcards
What role does sexual violence in the media play on gender views and violence?
It reinforces many degrading and views and myths regarding of violence against women and the victims of it linked to the underlying messages of IP that particularly shape young people and children.
What theories underpin the link between IP and violence?
Cognitive priming theory/cognitive neo-association theory (primes acceptance). Social learning theory. Social/learning and behaviour: connection between behaviour and accessible schemas about the world- hostile, aggression for problem solving, acceptance of aggression.
What basis do a vocal minority have for disagreeing with the GAM explanation of the relationship between IP and aggression? Are they correct?
Critics claim that GAM doesn’t allow for individual differences: maybe a violent personality leads someone to watch violent things. This effect doesn’t discount the causal research. And that since violence is dropping but violent media is increasing there can be no relationship. However, these studies focus on overall violence not specific acts. They also claim lab studies are inaccurate. But there is other evidence supporting them.
In 2019 how many visits were there to Pornhub?
42 Billion visits with an average of 115 million per day.
How much content is on Pornhub?
1.36 mil new hours- take 169 years to watch it all.
How interactive is the community on Pornhub?
Quite: 203 mill votes, 11.5 mil comments, 70 mil messages.
Where is Australis ranked in % of porn hubs daily traffic?
9th
How does Cooper’s triple-A-Engine summarise the factors leading to increased porn viewing? Who is exposed?
Accessibility, Affordability, Anonymity. Its gone from a clandestine habit to a normative pastime. With 83%of teens & 90% of 18-24 yos online multiple times a day there is plenty of opportunity for exposure.
According to Mccullough what 3 tech developments made the AAA of IP possible?
- VGA allowing images to appear on the average computer screen
- Hard drives allowing for personal storage
- Computer networking making sharing easy
How much of IP is accessed via a phone?
76.6%
what effects does viewing IP have on behaviour and wellbeing?
- Early & more freq exposure leads to earlier sexual activity
- Used as sex ed and ideas incorporated into sex life
- Correlates to poor mental health
- Increased self-objectification and body surveillance.
What proportion of Australians are consumers of porn?
One third
In 06 and 17 what percentage of 13-16 yr olds had seen IP?
93/84% males, 62/54% females
Why is the prevalence of IP consumption a concern?
Encourages non mainstream and unsafe behaviours. Has a big effect on the socialisation of young people and their sexual development. Associated with men engaging in violent behaviour.
How is IP linked to violence?
Encourages sexual objectification of women and division of sexual functions from personhood (not even showing faces), main role of women is male gratification. Mean are shown as dominant and violent, women are coerced or tricked.
How does Sexual Script theory explain the effect of IP on behaviour?
Have 3 stages: script acquisition, activation and application.
IP allows script/it’s values (higher order) to be acquired. Cues, such as sexual arousal triggers retrieval allowing the script to be applied in a different context.
What has meta-analysis taught us about the link between IP and violence?
Consumption was associated with male and female aggression internationally in cross-sectional & longitudinal studies. Associated with more verbal than physical aggression (but still both)
What is known about children’s exposure to IP in AUS?
AUS: 15-29 yrs 87% had viewed, average first exposure 13 for males and 16 for females. Exposure before 16 went from 37% to 79% in 50 years (McKee)
According to Bernstein (2019)
a) how many were exposed between 12-14?
b) Between 6-8
c) Deliberate
d) Accidental
a) 41.3%
b) 4.4%
c) 59.4%
d) 39%
On the whole, how do men and women feel about what they view in IP?
Around 2/3 upwards disagree that it changes their attitude towards sex (over multiple Qs). Almost a 3rd feel ashamed after viewing it. All rates are higher for men except more girls feel sick after.
What attempts have been made to counter this IP and its influence on young people and children?
Some school education programs exist but are not commonly used but are recommended to promote a critical evaluation of what is seen in IP
