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Psychophysiology > Psychophysiology Lecture #2 > Flashcards

Psychophysiology Lecture #2 Flashcards

1
Q

Midbrain subdivision:

A

Mesencephalon

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2
Q

Tactum

A

“Roof”
- Principle structures are the:
1. Superior Colliculi
2. Inferior Colliculi

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3
Q

Superior Colliculi (Tactum)

A

visual reflexes/object tracking (orienting)

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4
Q

Inferior Colliculi (Tactum)

A

auditory system in ear

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5
Q

Tegmentum

A

“Covering”
- Wraps around the cerebral aqueduct (connects 3rd and 4th ventricles)

Principle Structures are:
1. Periaqueductal Gray Matter (PAG)
2. Raphe (red) Nucleus
3. Substantia Nigra (black)

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6
Q

Periaqueductal Gray Matter (PAG)-Tegmentum

A

Pain modulation (endogenous and exogenous opioids act here)

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7
Q

Raphe (red) Nucleus-Tegmentum

A
  • Coordination of sensorimotor information.
  • Synthesizes serotonin.
  • SSRIs are believed to largely impact the raphe nuclei.
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8
Q

Substantia Nigra (black)-Tegmentum

A

Key role in dopamine production.

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9
Q

Corticospinal Tract

A

Carry movement related information from the cerebral cortex to the spinal cord.

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10
Q

Hindbrain subdivisions:

A

Metencephalon and Myelencephalon

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11
Q

Metencephalon

A

“Afterbrain”
- Pons and Cerebellum

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12
Q

Cerebellum

A

Attaches to pons by cerebellar peduncles.
- Posture, balance, fine motor movement, motor learning, proprioception.

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13
Q

Pons

A

“Bridge”–translates signals between the cerebellum and cerebrum.
- Regulates breathing and arousal.
- Damage = locked in syndrome

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14
Q

Medulla Oblongata

A

Part of Myelencephalon.
- Controls basic functions of the autonomic nervous system including:
1. Respiration
2. Cardiac function
3. Vasodilation
4. Reflexes like vomiting, coughing, sneezing, and swallowing.

  • Damage or enlargement = respiratory failure, paralysis, loss of sensation.
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15
Q

Reticular Formation

A
  • Complex network of neurons located in the brain stem.
  • Connections to the hypothalamus and thalamus.
  • Helps support wakefulness/alertness and filters incoming information.
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16
Q

Spinal Cord

A
  • Connected to the brain by the brain stem.
  • Long bundle of nerve tissues.
  • Send motor commands from the brain to the body, send sensory information from the body to the brain and coordinates reflexes.
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17
Q

4 Sections of the Spinal Cord

A
  1. The Cervical Spinal Cord
  2. The Thoracic Spinal Cord
  3. The Lumbar-Sacral Spinal Cord
  4. Cauda Equina (bundle of nerves)
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18
Q

Cervical Spinal Cord

A

Sends nerves to the face and neck.

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19
Q

Thoracic Spinal Cord

A

Sends nerves to the arms, chest, and abdomen.

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20
Q

Lumbar-Sacral Spinal Cord

A

sends nerves to the lower body.

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21
Q

A bunch of nerves

A

called cauda equina because they look like a horses’s tail–is at the bottom of the spinal cord.

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22
Q

Types of Neurons in the Somatic Nervous System

A
  1. Sensory Neurons
  2. Motor Neurons
  3. Interneurons
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23
Q

Sensory Neurons

A

Carry signals from the outer part of the body into the central nervous sytem.

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24
Q

Motor Neurons

A

Carry signals from the central nervous system to the outer parts of you rbody.

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25
Q

Interneurons

A

Connects various neurons within the brain and spinal cord.

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26
Q

Somatic Nervous system is made up of…

A
  1. Spinal Nerves
  2. Cranial Nerves
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27
Q

Spinal Nerves

A

Mixed nerves that carry sensory information into and motor commands out of the spinal cord.
- Nerves leave the vertebral column and travel to the muscles or sensory receptor they innervate.

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28
Q

Afferent Axons

A

Part of Spinal Nerves
- Bring information inwards, towards CNS.

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29
Q

Efferent Axons

A

Part of Spinal Nerves
- Send information outward

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30
Q

Cranial Nerves

A

They are the nerve fibers that carry information into and out of the brain stem.

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31
Q

Dermatome

A

Areas of skin on the body that rely on specific nerve connections on your spine.

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32
Q

Myotome

A

Group of muscles innervated by a single spinal nerve.

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33
Q

How many pairs of cranial nerves are attached to the ventral surface of the brain?

A

12

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34
Q

Vagus Nerve

A

Regulates the functions of organs in the thoracic and abdominal cavities.
- Longest cranial nerve.
- Helps body exit “fight or flight”

35
Q

What 2 systems does the autonomic nervous system separate into?

A
  1. Sympathetic Division
  2. Parasympathetic Division
36
Q

Sympathetic Division

A

“Fight, Flight, Freeze, Fawn”
- Controls functions that accompany arousal and expenditure of energy.
- Coordinates responses to a stressor.

37
Q

What is the Sympathetic Division also known as?

A

Thoracolumbar System

38
Q

Parasympathetic Division

A

“Rest and Digest”
- Involved with increases in body’s supply of stored energy.
- Coordinates rest and relax responses after the body has been stressed.
- Vagus Nerve responsible for calming following a stressful situation.

39
Q

What is the parasympathetic division also known as?

A

Craniosacral System

40
Q

Neurons

A

most basic information–processing and information–transmitting element of the nervous system.

41
Q

4 Main Structures of Neurons

A
  1. Cell bodies (Soma)
  2. Dendrites
  3. Axons
  4. Terminal Buttons
42
Q

Multipolar Neurons

A

Most common, one axon to multiple trunks.

43
Q

Bipolar Neurons

A

Interneurons, one axon and one dendritic tree, soma in middle of axon.

44
Q

Unipolar Neurons

A

One stalk, usually sensory.

45
Q

Soma

A

Contains the nucleus, shape varies in different kinds of neurons. AKA Cell Body

46
Q

Dendrites

A

Branches to the soma of a neuron; receives information transmitted across synapse.

47
Q

Axons

A

Carries information from cell body to terminal buttons/axon terminal.

48
Q

Axon Hillock

A

Gate keeper of whether an action potential is strong enough.

49
Q

Myelin Sheath

A

Surrounds axons and insulates them.
- Produced by oligodendrocytes.
- Decrease = Demyelinating Disease (multiple sclerosis, AIDP)

50
Q

Terminal Buttons/Axon Terminals

A
  • Buds at the end of a branch of axon; forms synapses with another neuron.
  • Secrete chemicals called neurotransmitters.
51
Q

Synapse

A
  • Points of contact between neurons where information is passed from one neuron to the next.
  • Form between axons and dendrites.
52
Q

What do synapses consist of?

A
  1. Presynaptic Neuron
  2. Synaptic Cleft
  3. Post Synaptic Neuron
53
Q

Glial Cells

A

“Glue”
- Provide nutrients to neurons

54
Q

What are the 3 main types of glial cells?

A
  1. Microglia
  2. Astrocytes
  3. Oligodendrocytes
55
Q

Microglia

A

Smallest, cleaning up dead cells and protecting brain from microorganisms/toxins.
- Damage/Toxins = microglial cells produce inflammatory mediators to call other cells to the injury –> promote and perpetuate the inflammatory response –> can worsen neurodegeneration (keeping area inflammed)

56
Q

Astocytes

A

Star shaped, neuron “glue”–holds them together, engulf debris, provide nourishment via transfer of fuel–neurons use a lot of energy but cannot store it.
- Provide electric insulation for unmyelinated neurons.

57
Q

Oligodendrocytes

A

Produces myelin in the form of a tube by wrapping itself around the axon, forms sheath in segments.

58
Q

Blood Brain Barrier (BBB)

A

Selectively permeable.
- Blocks all molecules except those with lipid soluble.

59
Q

Area Postrema

A

Weakest region in BBB (vomiting); has an additional barrier.

60
Q

Chemotherapy and BBB

A

Chemo increases inflammatory cytokine production which weakens blood brain barrier therefore increasing crossing.

61
Q

New name for chemobrain

A

Cancer Related Cognitive Impairment

62
Q

Diffusion

A

Movement of molecules from region of high concentration to low to achieve equilibrium.

63
Q

Electrostatic Pressure

A

Force exerted by attraction or repulsion to move ion from place to place.

64
Q

Electrolytes

A

Substances that break into 2 parts with opposing electrical charges.

65
Q

Cations

A

positive (sodium Na+ and potassium K+)

66
Q

Anions

A

negative (Chloride CI-)

67
Q

Sodium Potassium Pump

A

Protein molecules embedded in the membrane.
- Works to keep the ion concentration stable even as ions cross the membrane at rest.
- Continuously pushes Na+ out of the axon = maintains resting potential.

68
Q

Resting/Membrane Potential

A

A resting neuron’s voltage across its membrane.
- Resting potential is determined by concentration gradients of ions across the membrane and by membrane permeability to each type of ion.

69
Q

Action Potential

A

Rapid bursts of depolarization followed by hyper-polarization.
- Occurs because of diffusion and electrostatic pressure.

70
Q

Depolarization

A

Reduction of membrane potential (less negative on inside)
- Decrease in electrical charge = decrease in membrane potential.

71
Q

Threshold of Excitation

A

Set point to produce an action potential = .55mV

72
Q

Hyperpolarization

A

Increase in membrane potential.

73
Q

Conduction of Action Potential

A
  • Remains constant in size–all or none law.
  • Normally one-way traffic from soma end to boutons.
  • Refractory period.
  • Strength is based on rate of firing–rate law.
74
Q

Saltatory Conduction

A

In myelinated fibers, depolarization and repolarization processes occur from one node of ranvier to the next instead of the entire area of the membrane.
–> economic and speedy.

75
Q

Synaptic Transmission

A

Primary means by which neurons communicate across synapse.

76
Q

Synaptic Cleft

A

22mm wide space between pre and post synaptic membrane.

77
Q

Creation of Action Potential in Next Cell

A
  • Neurotransmitter exerts effects by attaching to binding sites/receptors.
  • Binding open neurotransmitter-dependent ion channels.
  • Opening of channels = generates electrical impulse.
  • Opening propagates pre-synaptic signal = creates a post-synaptic potential.
78
Q

Types of Postsynaptic Potentials

A
  1. Excitatory (EPSP)
  2. Inhibitory (IPSP)
79
Q

Excitatory (EPSP)

A

sodium channel opened, depolarizing.

80
Q

Inhibitory (IPSP)

A

Potassium channel opened, hyper polarizing.

81
Q

Termination of Postsynaptic Potentials

A
  1. Reuptake
  2. Enzymatic Deactivation/Degradation
82
Q

Reuptake

A

an extremely rapid removal of a neurotransmitter from the synaptic cleft by the terminal button.

83
Q

Enzymatic Deacativation/Degradation

A

Accomplished by enzyme that destroys molecules of the neurotransmitter.

Psychophysiology (11 decks)

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