- Helps all the parts of the body to communicate with each other. - Takes in information through senses, processes information, and triggers a reaction. - Uses electrical and chemical signals.

- Lateral ventricle (2) - Interventricular Formina (2) - 3rd Ventricle - Cerebral Aquaduct - 4th ventricle (L.I.3.C.4) Blockage = obstructive hydrocephalus.

- 20% of total resting oxygen. - 15-20% of total blood flow goes to brain. - 60% of glucose metabolism.

- Approx. 25% = maintaining neurons and glial cells - Approx. 75% = electrical signaling across brain circuits.

- Neural Tube: serves as embryonic brain and spinal cord, CNS. Divides to form basic brain regions. - Neural Migration: brings neuronal cells to appropriate locations. Neurons brach to form synapses.

Psychophysiology Lecture #1 Flashcards by Emmy Mumford

What is psychophysiology?

The study of the relationship between physiological signals recorded from the body and brain to mental processes and disorder.

GOAL: to identify and describe the physiological processes directly relevant to such psychological constructs such as drive, motivation, attitude, emotion, and their modification by learning.

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Neuraxis

Imaginary line draw through the base of the spinal cord to the front of the brain.

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Cephalic Flexure

Curves between the brain and forebrain in humans.

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Ipsilateral vs. Contralateral

Ipsilateral: on same side of body

Contralateral: on opposite side of body.

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Nervous System

Helps all the parts of the body to communicate with each other.
Takes in information through senses, processes information, and triggers a reaction.
Uses electrical and chemical signals.

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What are the 2 core parts of the nervous system?

CNS and PNS

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Central Nervous System

Brain and spinal cord.
Main functions include:
- Thinking
- Homeostasis
- Interpreting sensory information.
- Learning
- Creating motor responses.

(THILC)

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Peripheral Nervous System

Nerves that branch off spinal cord and extend to all parts of the body.

Main function:
- Relay between CNS and the rest of the body.

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The brain controls…

thoughts
emotions
memory
touch
motor skills
vision
breathing
temperature
hunger

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3 Levels of Protection (Brain)

Level 1: cranium/skull
Level 2: Meninges
Level 3: CSF/Ventricular System

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Cranium/Skull

Pterion: weakest point
Jaw bone: strongest point

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Meninges

Protective sheaths around the brain and spinal cord.
- Dura Mater: outer layer (thick/tough)
- Arachnoid Membrane: middle layer (spongy/soft)
- Pia Mater: around every surface

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Subarachnoid Space

Gap filled with cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

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Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)

Provides protection, nourishment, and waste removal.

Produced by specialized ependymal cells in the choroid plexus of ventricles of the brain.

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Ventricular System

Produces and secretes cerebrospinal fluid to protect and maintain CNS.

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Ventricle

Hollow vesicle within arachnoid membrane.

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Different Ventricles

Lateral ventricle (2)
Interventricular Formina (2)
3rd Ventricle
Cerebral Aquaduct
4th ventricle

(L.I.3.C.4)

Blockage = obstructive hydrocephalus.

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Brain uses…

20% of total resting oxygen.
15-20% of total blood flow goes to brain.
60% of glucose metabolism.

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Energy division

Approx. 25% = maintaining neurons and glial cells
Approx. 75% = electrical signaling across brain circuits.

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CNS Development

Neural Tube: serves as embryonic brain and spinal cord, CNS. Divides to form basic brain regions.
Neural Migration: brings neuronal cells to appropriate locations. Neurons brach to form synapses.

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Apoptosis

Planned and purposeful cell death. Removal of damaged of unneeded neurons.

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Necrosis

Unplanned and uncontrolled removal of cells.

Synaptic Pruning

Brain eliminates extra synapses. Occurs between early childhood and adulthood.
Synapses allow neurons to transmit electrical or chemical signal to another neuron.
Pruning –> Efficiency

Schizophrenia is correlated with…

decrease synapses

Autism is correlated with

increase synapses

Telencephalon

- Makes up 70% of brain mass. - Largest component of brain. - Highest level of neuronal organization. - Includes (L) and (R) hemispheres.

4 Lobes of Telencephalon

1. Frontal 2. Parietal 3. Temporal 4. Occipital

Sucli and Fissure

Sulci: small grooves Fissures: large grooves

Central Sulcus

Boundary between the frontal and parietal lobe and the motor and sensory cortex.

Gyri

Bulges between sulci and fissures.

Precentral Gyrus

Location of primary motor cortex

Postcentral Gyrus

Location of primary somatosensory cortex. All senses except smell and taste.

Cortex Components

Made up of glia, cell bodies, dendrites, and axons.

Glia

Cortex Component - Supportive and nourishing cells. - Einstein had 30% more - 10-50x more than neurons. - Gray appearance because mostly made of cell bodies = gray matter

Myelin

80% lipids, 20% protein - insulation and increases action potential speed. - subcortical cells are myelinated = white matter.

Homunculus

Model of human body which reflects amount of brain tissue devoted to sensory and motor information in particular areas.

Frontal Lobe

Executive functions (emotion regulation, planning, reasoning, inhibitory control, etc.) personality. - Dominant Hemisphere: social conduct - Phineas Gage

Prefrontal Cortex

Seat of planning and strategizing. - Ventromedial PFC: empathy and guilt.

Parietal Lobe

Integrating sensory information, including touch, temperature, pressure and pain.

Temporal Lobe

Processing sensory information, particularly important for hearing, recognizing language and forming memories. - Contains the primary auditory cortex.

Occipital Lobe

Visual processing (depth, distance, location) - Contains the primary visual cortex.

4 Main Parts of the Lymbic System

1. Thalamus 2. Hypothalamus 3. Amygdala 4. Hippocampus T.H.A.H.

Thalamus

Relay station.

Hypothalamus

Homeostasis <-- Diencephalon

Amygdala

"Emotional Center" (almond) - Emotional valence. - Increase HR and BR--fight or flight - Learning of reward/punishment. - Modulation of memory consolidation, increase emotion = increase memory. - Psychopathy = decrease connection with VMPFC (ventromedial prefrontal cortex) - PTSD = increased activity.

Hippocampus

"Seahorse" - Formation of new memories. - Proximity to olfactory bulb. - When damaged = memory loss, disorientation, mood swings, i.e., Alzeimer's disease.

During puberty what does the limbic system become better controlled by?

PFC (prefrontal coretx)

Primary uses of the limbic system?

Emotion, Motivation, Learning and Memory

Basal Ganglia

Controls motor control, as well as other roles such as motor learning, executive functions and behaviors and emotions. - Part of limbic system.

Substantia Nigra

Produces dopamine (high concentration in basil ganglia).

Dopamine Dysfunction

Movement disorder such as parkinsonian syndrome, dystonia, chorea, and tics.

What does a suppression of motor function lead to?

Decrease purposeful movement.

Cultural Considerations

- In Asian Americans: increase in cortical thickness. - In Caucasian: age = increase in WML (white matter lesions) - In Blacks: obesity = increase in WML (white matter lesions) White matter lesions usually indicative of an injury.

Childhood Adversity and its effect on the brain

- Lower gray matter volumes in the amygdala, hippocampus, and prefrontal cortex. - Extreme neglect --> decrease brain activation.