Physiological Psychology Lecture #6 Flashcards
Language
- Larynx changes location 300,000 years ago.
- More sounds, greater vulnerability to choking.
- Speech gene evolved by natural selection 100,000 to 200,000 years ago.
When did language emerge?
over 100,000+ years ago.
Lateralization Issues
Left: language in most person (95%)
Right: narrative speech, map reading, prosody, also language.
Left Handedness
10% of the population
- Excel in visual spatial analysis?
- Top 0.1% of SAT 2x as likely to be left-handed.
- Higher level of education.
- Overly represented at the other end of the continuum = criminals
- 2018, more than 2x the risk of developing breast cancer before reaching the menopause than right-handed women.
- Less lateralization than right-handers: 70% (15% R; 15% both).
Future of Language
6000 languages exist.
-80% have not been documented
-90% will become extinct in the coming century.
-One language dies every 14 days.
Broca’s Aphasia
“Broken, Non-fluent”
- Anterior to motor cortex = impaired speed processing.
- Expressive aphasia.
- Worsens with anxiety or pressure demands.
- Generally aware.
BMF = Broca, motor, frontal lobe
Wernicke’s Aphasia
“Fluent”
- Posterior portion of temporal lobe and by the primary auditory cortex = impaired comprehension.
- Receptive aphasia.
- Impaired language comprehension.
- Often unaware.
- Can occur in those who are deaf.
W = wacky, words, or word salad.
Global Aphasia
Impairments in both.
Learning
Acquisition for new information.
Stages of Learning
- Sensory Information
- Short-Term Memory
- Long-Term Memory
Stage 1 of Learning
Sensory Information
- Information is first processed through out senses.
- <1 second
Stage 2 of Learning
Short-Term Memory
- Meaningful/salient information.
- <1 minute.
- Can support via repetition and chunking (7 +/- 2 Rule)
Stage 3 of Learning
Long-Term Memory
- Short term memories are converted into long term memories = consolidation.
- Can be retrieved across a lifetime.
- Increase retrieval (rehearsal = strengthening of memory)
- Involves the hippocampus.
What is the 7 +/- 2 Rule?
*Can remember 7 +/- 2 things at a time
What are the types of learning?
- Stimulus-Response Learning
- Motor Learning
- Perceptual Learning
- Observational Learning
Stimulus Response Learning
Perform behavior when stimulus is present.
Classical Conditioning involves the:
- Amygdala
- Hippocampus
- Thalamus
Operant Conditioning involves the:
- Positive and negative reinforcement/punishment.
- Mesolimbic and mesocortical system support learning.
- Basal Ganglia - takes over actions as “over learned motor behaviors.
Motor Learning
Learning a skilled task and then practicing with a goal in mind until the skill is executed automatically.
- Moving an action from the conscious to unconscious –> Basal Ganglia.
Perceptual Learning
When repeated exposure enhances the ability to discriminate between two (or more) otherwise confusable stimuli.
- Allows us to identify and categorize objects.
- Prior experience influence your perception of stimuli (attribution bias, confirmation bias)
Observational Learning/Social Learning Theory
Process of learning by watching behaviors of models.
- Occurs via operant conditions and vicarious conditioning.
More likely to mimic models who:
- Positive perception
- Shared (perceived) traits
- Stand out
- Familiarity
- Self-Efficacy in mimicry
- Social Media
- Violence in games and entertainment.
Prosocial Modeling
Prompts engagement in helpful and healthy bx.
Antisocial Modeling
Prompts other to engage in aggressive/unhealthy bx.
EXAMPLE: Bandura Bo Bo Doll–physical aggression.
Mirror Neurons
Type of brain cell that respond equally when we perform an action and when we witness someone else perform the same action.
- Essential Neurons for social interactions.
- Lower number is psychopathy and ASD.
- Brain responds the same way to performing, witnessing, and hearing an action.
Believes to enable:
- Empathy/intention
- Skill building through mimicry
- Vicarious experience
No Evidence for What Learning Types?
- Learning styles exist.
- “Mozart Effect”
Evidence exists for what kind of learning?
- Interleaving/spacing learning
- Writing rather than typing
- Studying in natural light.
- Power nap (caffeine hack)
- Context-Dependent Learning