Psychopathology Flashcards - Midterm 1 (2)
1
Q
What is forensic psychology?
A
Forensic psychology is a discipline that applies psychological knowledge to legal issues.
2
Q
What are some common topics of forensic psychological reports?
What are psychological reports useful for?
A
Criminal responsibility
Risk assessment
Competence to stand trial
Credibility of eyewitness testimony
Confession evidence
Line-up outcomes
Child-care and custody
3
Q
What are some psychopathological consequences of crime?
A
Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in victims
4
Q
How does forensic psychology differ from forensic psychiatry?
A
Forensic psychiatry is a medical field, focusing on the practical, patient-centered aspects of mental disorders and their legal implications, while forensic psychology is more focused on psychological theories of mental disorders and crime.
5
Q
How are psychological theories applied to understanding violent crime?
A
Psychological theories, particularly those focusing on personality and mental disorders, are heavily drawn upon to explain violent and shocking crimes
6
Q
What specific psychological orientations are used to analyze the development of functional concepts of psychopathy and criminality?
A
Cognitive, behavioral, and psychodynamic orientations are combined to analyze the development of functional concepts of psychopathy and criminality.
7
Q
What are some specific psychological schools of thought related to criminal behavior?
A
Behaviorism
Psychodynamic interpretation
Cognitive theories
Biologically oriented theories
8
Q
What are the two main behavioral theories of criminal behavior?
A
Conditioning theories and learning theories
9
Q
How do conditioning theories explain criminal behavior?
A
Conditioning theories suggest that criminal behavior is shaped through stimulus pairing (classical conditioning) and reinforcement/punishment (operant conditioning).
10
Q
Who are the key figures in conditioning theory?
A
B.F. Skinner (operant conditioning) and Ivan Pavlov (classical conditioning)
11
Q
How does learning theory explain criminal behavior?
A
Learning theory suggests that criminal behavior is learned through observation and association with others.
12
Q
What are the key traits of psychopathy?
A
Superficial charm, grandiosity, pathological lying, lack of remorse, impulsivity, irresponsibility, criminal versatility.
13
Q
How prevalent is psychopathy in criminal populations?
A
Psychopathy is common in criminal populations and is linked to recidivism, violence, and dangerousness.
14
Q
What is the primary assessment tool for psychopathy?
A
The Psychopathy Checklist-Revised (PCL-R)
15
Q
What are some ethical concerns related to the use of the psychopathy label?
A
Use of the psychopathy label in youth and high-stakes legal decisions (e.g., capital sentencing).
16
Q
How does the PCL-R measure psychopathy?
A
The PCL-R is a 20-item checklist measuring emotional, interpersonal, and behavioral traits.
17
Q
What is the predictive validity of the PCL-R?
A
The PCL-R is a strong predictor of violent recidivism and criminogenic risk.
18
Q
What is the modern focus in understanding offenders?
A
The focus has shifted from classic notions like the understanding of right and wrong to offenders’ characteristics that predict recidivism.
19
Q
What are some underlying assumptions in the study of offender characteristics?
A
Moral Theory of Justice: There’s an underlying moral theory of justice that guides our understanding of criminal behavior.
Consensus on Criminal Irresponsibility: There needs to be a consensus on what constitutes criminal irresponsibility.
Reliable and Valid Measurement: The concepts used to measure offender characteristics must be reliable and valid.
20
Q
How has neuroscience impacted forensic psychology?
A
Forensic practice has begun to use brain scans as diagnostic tools.
21
Q
What are the limitations of using brain scans in forensic psychology?
A
-It’s unclear to what extent brain abnormalities cause or correspond with psychopathology or criminal behavior.
-The nature of techniques like fMRI, which involve thousands of statistical tests, can be complex and open to interpretation.
22
Q
How can neuroscience influence judicial decisions?
A
Research suggests that the inclusion of neuroscientific information in forensic reports can influence judges in unexpected ways, such as making them more lenient towards psychopaths if their condition is explained in terms of brain abnormalities.
23
Q
What is Adrian Raine’s contribution to the understanding of criminal behavior?
A
Raine’s neuropsychological perspective suggests that criminal behavior is a clinical condition linked to brain abnormalities, particularly in the prefrontal cortex.
24
Q
What are the implications of Raine’s research for the concept of culpability?
A
Raine’s research raises questions about culpability, as it suggests that criminal behavior may be rooted in biological factors beyond an individual’s control.
25
How does Raine's work relate to earlier biological theories of crime?
Raine's work builds upon earlier biological theories, such as Lombroso's, but seeks to provide more nuanced and scientifically rigorous explanations for criminal behavior.
26
What are the criticisms of biological theories of crime?
Critics argue that biological theories, including Raine's, can be reductionist and deterministic, potentially leading to harmful social and legal implications. They also point to the limitations of brain imaging studies and the complex interplay between biological and environmental factors in shaping criminal behavior.
27
What are some common risk assessment instruments used in forensic psychology?
HCR-20, SVR-20, PCL-R
28
How accurate are risk assessment tools?
The predictive accuracy of risk assessment tools varies, and they should not be used as the sole determinant of detention, sentencing, or release decisions.
29
How should forensic psychologists use risk assessment tools?
Forensic psychologists should rely on multiple measures to reach their conclusions. However, simply accumulating more imperfect information does not necessarily increase the accuracy of the overall assessment.
30
How does psychological reasoning differ from legal reasoning?
Psychology tends to explain behavior through various factors like unconscious processes, environment, cognition, or neurobiology, sometimes diminishing personal responsibility. In contrast, legal systems emphasize individual responsibility, regardless of psychological or biological influences.
31
What is the traditional approach to disordered offenders in the legal system?
Traditionally, disordered offenders were not fully punished due to their diminished responsibility.
32
How has the legal system's approach to disordered offenders shifted?
The focus has shifted from responsibility for past crimes to assessing the risk of future crimes
33
What is the role of risk assessment in the modern approach to disordered offenders?
Risk assessment tools are used to predict future danger, which influences decisions about incarceration or treatment.
34
What are the implications of this shift in focus?
This shift emphasizes risk management over rehabilitation, potentially moving away from a more humane approach to the justice system.
35
What is the purpose of periodic evaluations for forensic patients?
Forensic psychiatrists and psychologists assess the threat level posed by patients to determine if they can be safely reintegrated into society.
36
How do forensic patient evaluations differ from regular prisoner evaluations?
The release of forensic patients hinges on expert evaluations, unlike regular prisoners. This places a significant responsibility on forensic psychologists to make accurate decisions.
37
How accurate are periodic evaluations of forensic patients?
Research suggests that these decisions are not flawless. However, forensic patients have relatively lower recidivism rates compared to regular prisoners, indicating some effectiveness at the population level.
38
What are the consequences of false negatives in risk assessment?
Dangerous individuals may be released if they are incorrectly deemed not at risk.
39
What are the consequences of false positives in risk assessment?
Individuals who are ready to return to society may be incarcerated for longer periods than necessary.
40
Why are false positives difficult to detect in risk assessments?
It's challenging to identify individuals who are incorrectly deemed dangerous, leading to potential over-incarceration of disordered criminals.
41
How accurate are risk assessments for forensic patients?
While not perfect, risk assessments for forensic patients have shown some validity at the population level, as evidenced by lower recidivism rates compared to regular prisoners.
42
What is the primary training pathway for forensic psychologists?
Most forensic psychologists graduate from clinical psychology programs and receive on-the-job training in forensic clinics.
43
What are the limitations of the current training pathways for forensic psychologists?
Lack of legal training and inadequate preparation for the unique challenges of the forensic field.
44
How does the focus of work differ between clinical and forensic psychologists?
Clinical psychologists work for the patient, while forensic psychologists work for the judge or hospital.
45
How does the issue of privacy differ between clinical and forensic settings?
Patient privacy is prioritized in clinical settings, but much less so in forensic environments.
46
How does patient motivation differ between clinical and forensic settings?
Clinical patients are typically motivated to improve, whereas forensic patients often cause suffering and may be uncooperative.
47
What is the fundamental difference in focus between clinical and forensic psychology?
Clinical psychology is client-centered, while forensic psychology is truth-centered.
48
How does the therapist-patient relationship differ in clinical and forensic settings?
In clinical settings, the focus is on building a strong therapeutic relationship and showing empathy. In forensic settings, the focus is on evaluation and objectivity, which can sometimes conflict with the therapeutic relationship.
49
How can the dual role of therapist and evaluator impact the therapeutic relationship in forensic settings?
If a therapist is also evaluating a patient, it can be challenging to maintain a strong therapeutic alliance, especially if the therapist's evaluation is negative.
50
What are the stakes of misdiagnosis in forensic settings compared to clinical settings?
The consequences of misdiagnosis in forensic settings are significantly greater, as they can impact legal decisions and individual liberties.
51
How does the audience for forensic psychological evaluations differ from that of scientific research?
Forensic psychologists present their evaluations to lay consumers (judges) with limited psychological knowledge, unlike scientific researchers who are peer-reviewed by experts.
52
What are the challenges of transparency in forensic psychology?
The sensitive nature of forensic cases makes it difficult to share information openly, limiting opportunities for peer learning and feedback.
53
What is forensic psychopathology?
Forensic psychopathology is a discipline that combines psychology, psychiatry, and law. It involves assessing and treating individuals with mental disorders who have come into contact with the legal system.
54
Why is forensic psychology a popular field?
Forensic psychology is popular due to its potential impact on people's lives and the intriguing intersection of psychology and law.
55
What is the size of the forensic patient population relative to the general prison population?
The number of forensic patients is a small fraction of the total prison population.
56
How does media coverage affect public perception of forensic treatment?
Media coverage often focuses on recidivism among forensic ex-patients, leading to a negative public perception of forensic treatment.
57
How does the recidivism rate of forensic ex-patients compare to that of ex-prisoners?
Forensic ex-patients have a significantly lower recidivism rate compared to ex-prisoners, even when controlling for crime type.
58
What are the historical origins of forensic psychology?
The earliest uses of forensic psychology can be traced back to Ancient Greece and India, where criminal insanity defenses were applied to individuals with intellectual impairments.
59
When did forensic psychology start to take shape in modern times?
Forensic psychology began to take shape in Europe during the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries.
60
What was the significance of the James Hadfield case?
The James Hadfield case led to a broadening of the definition of insanity, allowing for individuals who were not completely detached from reality to use an insanity defense.
61
What was the outcome of the Criminal Lunatics Act of 1800?
The Criminal Lunatics Act of 1800 established indefinite confinement as the standard outcome for insanity acquittals.
62
Who introduced the concept of "manie sans délire"?
Phillippe Pinel
63
What was the significance of "manie sans délire"?
It challenged the traditional view of insanity as solely linked to intellectual impairment, paving the way for future research on psychopathy.
64
What was the outcome of the Daniel McNaughten case?
The McNaughten Rule was established, setting a legal standard for insanity defenses.
65
What did the McNaughten Rule establish?
The McNaughten Rule established a clear legal standard for insanity defenses, which remains influential today.
66
Who pioneered the study of the psychology of testimony?
J. McKeen Cattell
67
What did Cattell's study on eyewitness memory reveal?
Cattell's study demonstrated the unreliability of eyewitness memory recall.
68
How did Cattell's findings impact the field of forensic psychology?
Cattell's findings highlighted the practical value of psychological expertise in legal settings.
69
Who were some other early researchers in the field of forensic psychology?
Joseph Jastrow, Alfred Binet, and Louis William Stern
70
What role did Stern envision for psychologists in the legal system?
Stern believed that psychologists should play a significant role in the legal system, providing expert testimony and influencing legal decisions.
71
What is the significance of the Journal of Forensic Psychology Practice?
The journal marked the continued growth and development of forensic psychology as a field.
72
Who were the two key figures who recognized the importance of psychology in the legal system?
Sigmund Freud and Hugo Munsterberg
73
What did Freud argue about the role of psychology in the legal system?
Freud argued that psychological methods could be used to uncover hidden truths in legal proceedings.
74
What did Munsterberg argue about the role of psychology in the legal system?
Munsterberg argued that psychology could be used to improve the decision-making processes of judges, juries, and attorneys.
75
How were Freud and Munsterberg's ideas received by the legal community?
Both Freud and Munsterberg's ideas were initially met with skepticism and criticism.
76
What was the lasting impact of Freud and Munsterberg's work?
While their ideas were not immediately accepted, their work laid the foundation for the development of forensic psychology and continues to influence the field.
77
What was the significance of the Hidden v. Mutual Life Insurance Co. case? .
This case established the admissibility of psychologist testimony in civil proceedings
78
How did Brown v. Board of Education contribute to the advancement of forensic psychology?
Psychologists provided expert testimony in this case, demonstrating the value of psychological expertise in legal proceedings.
79
What was the significance of the Jenkins v. United States case?
This case established that psychologists could offer expert testimony on mental disorders in criminal cases, even without a medical degree.
80
What significant development occurred in 1969 for forensic psychology?
The American Psychology-Law Society was created, marking the field's first formal professional organization.
81
What was the significance of the American Board of Forensic Psychology's certification?
It established a standard for professional competence in forensic psychology.
82
How did forensic psychologists establish themselves as treatment providers?
By developing standardized guidelines and engaging in treatment-related activities.
83
What was Loh's assessment of the field of forensic psychology in 1981?
Loh declared that the field had "come of age."
84
What criticism was leveled against the evolution of forensic psychology?
Ogloff criticized the field for being aimless and haphazard, and urged forensic psychologists to be more proactive in influencing the legal system and advancing social justice.
85
How has forensic psychology evolved in recent decades?
Forensic psychology has become a recognized specialization, with a growing body of research and a broader scope of practice.
86
What are some key areas of focus in contemporary forensic psychology research and practice?
Risk assessment, forensic neuropsychology, trauma and criminal behavior, psychopathy, forensic media psychology, and restorative justice.
87
How has forensic psychology contributed to the field of restorative justice?
Forensic psychologists can provide valuable expertise in restorative justice practices, such as reconciliation and restoration through dialogue.
88
What is a significant issue in forensic psychology related to the criminal justice system?
Racial disproportionality
89
What efforts have been made to address multicultural competence in psychology?
The APA has published guidelines on multicultural education, training, research, practice, and organizational change.
90
What guidelines have been developed for research in ethnic minority communities?
The Council of National Psychological Associations for the Advancement of Ethnic Minority Interests developed guidelines for research in ethnic minority communities.
91
What is a significant issue in forensic psychology related to race and the criminal justice system?
The disproportionate representation of BIPOC individuals within the criminal justice system.
92
How has the lack of attention to race in forensic psychology impacted understanding of BIPOC individuals?
It has created theoretical and empirical blind spots, hindering a nuanced understanding of BIPOC experiences and needs.
93
What are some concerns regarding the use of forensic assessment instruments with BIPOC individuals?
The use of instruments that have not been validated for BIPOC populations and the reliance on collateral data that may be biased.
94
How does the gap between APA policy and practice regarding race and culture impact forensic psychology?
The use of instruments that have not been validated for BIPOC populations and the reliance on collateral data that may be biased.
95
What is the role of forensic psychologists in addressing racial disparities in the criminal justice system?
Forensic psychologists play a crucial role in informing legal decisions that can impact the lives of BIPOC individuals. It is important for them to be aware of and address issues of racial bias in their work.
96
What is a common public fascination related to criminal behavior?
The motivations and inner-workings of the "criminal mind."
97
How is criminal behavior often culturally understood?
Through psychological theories and explanations, such as mental illness, insanity defenses, and psychological histories.
98
What media has contributed to public awareness of criminal psychopathology?
Television shows, documentaries, films, and podcasts.
99
How can media depictions of criminal behavior influence public perception?
Media depictions can influence juror perceptions, public opinion, and even policy decisions.
100
What is an example of how media can influence public perception of a specific psychological construct?
The television show Dexter can influence public perception of psychopathy.
101
What film significantly popularized forensic psychology in the 1990s?
Silence of the Lambs
102
How did Silence of the Lambs contribute to the public perception of forensic psychology?
It popularized the use of psychological theories in criminal investigations, particularly through the portrayal of FBI profilers.
103
What other media has popularized forensic psychology?
Television shows like Mindhunter, Criminal Minds, and films like Copycat, Kiss the Girls.
104
How has media representation influenced the public's understanding of forensic psychology?
Media depictions have shaped public perceptions of forensic psychology, often emphasizing dramatic and sensationalized cases.
105
What is legal psychology?
Legal psychology is the scientific study and practice of psychology within the legal system.
106
Where can legal psychology be applied within the court system?
Legal psychology can be applied at all stages and in all forums of the court system.
107
What are some of the key areas of focus in legal psychology?
Family law, child custody, child testimony, competency, forensic assessment, jury psychology, interpersonal violence, eyewitness memory, and false confessions.
108
How do forensic psychologists contribute to legal proceedings?
Forensic psychologists provide expert testimony and written reports to help determine need, guilt, and innocence.
109
What is criminal psychology?
Criminal psychology is the study of the psychological factors that contribute to criminal behavior.
110
What are some of the factors that may contribute to criminal behavior?
Psychopathological, physiological, biological, neurological, environmental, sociological, developmental, political, and situational factors.
111
Is there a single, universal theory that explains all crime?
No, there is no single theory that can explain all criminal behavior.
112
What are some of the factors that influence the diversity of criminal behavior?
Time, culture, circumstances, age, gender, location, and ability.
113
What is the dual nature of criminal behavior?
Criminal behavior is both unique to individuals and influenced by universal factors.
114
What is police psychology?
Police psychology is the application of psychological knowledge to law enforcement to enhance public safety and well-being.
115
When did police agencies start using psychologists?
German police agencies were using psychologists as early as 1919.
116
What are some of the psychological services provided to law enforcement personnel?
Psychological screening, fitness-for-duty assessments, and counseling.
117
What are some of the mental health challenges faced by law enforcement officers?
Burnout, compassion fatigue, post-traumatic stress disorder, depression, and anxiety.
118
Victimology
The study of victims of crime, including how they are perceived, why they are vulnerable, how they are treated by the justice system, and how they can heal.
119
Restorative Justice
A model of justice that focuses on repairing harm and restoring justice, involving victims, offenders, and the community.
120
Role of Forensic Psychologists in Victimology and Restorative Justice
Forensic psychologists help victims heal and recover through various therapies and by working in victim services and restorative justice programs.
121
Key Concepts in Victimology
Victim perception, vulnerability, victim behavior, treatment within the justice system, costs and consequences of victimization, and facilitation of victim healing.
122
Key Concepts in Restorative Justice .
Harm, victim-centered approach, balancing victim, offender, and community needs, reconciliation, mediation, accountability, harm reduction, community building, and destigmatization
123
Forensic Assessment Tools in the 1990s
The development of specialized forensic assessment tools, such as the PCL-R and VRAG, significantly advanced the field of forensic psychology by providing a means for empirical research and practical applications in risk assessment.
124
Applications of Forensic Assessment
Forensic assessments are used in various legal settings, including investigations, testimony, sentencing, corrections, treatment, and reentry.
125
Sexually Violent Predator (SVP) Laws
SVP laws emerged in the 1990s, requiring forensic psychologists to assess individuals with a history of sexual violence for the potential to reoffend.
126
Role of Forensic Psychologists in SVP Cases
Forensic psychologists conduct evaluations, testify in court, and conduct annual assessments of SVPs.
127
The Impact of Forensic Assessment
Forensic psychological assessment continues to be a valuable tool in both civil and criminal legal proceedings.
128
Trial Consultant
A professional who uses psychological expertise to assist trial attorneys by preparing witnesses, participating in jury selection, and identifying key issues within a case.
129
Forensic Evaluator and Expert Witness
A forensic psychologist who provides expert testimony in civil and criminal trials, specializing in areas like child psychology, competency, abuse, eyewitness accounts, and more.
130
Victim Service Provider and Victim Advocate
A forensic psychologist who assists victims of crime by providing support, counseling, safety planning, and navigating the criminal justice system.
131
Correctional Psychologist
A psychologist who provides counseling, therapy, and rehabilitation services to incarcerated individuals, civilly committed individuals, and juveniles.
132
Police Psychologist
A psychologist who works with law enforcement, providing services like psychological assessments, fitness-for-duty evaluations, crisis intervention, and stress management.
133
Criminal Profiler
A psychologist who applies psychological principles to investigate criminal behavior, analyzing crime scenes and offender characteristics to help identify and apprehend suspects.
134
The Impact of Labeling
Labeling individuals as "sex offender," "psychopath," or "pedophile" can lead to stigma, shame, ostracization, and humiliation, which may hinder reintegration and treatment efforts.
135
Labeling and Recidivism
Labeling individuals based on past behavior or psychological characteristics may increase the likelihood of recidivism.
136
The Ethics of Labeling in Correctional Settings
The use of labels in correctional settings raises ethical concerns, as it can have long-lasting negative consequences for individuals.
137
Front: Labeling and Reintegration
Back: Labeling can be a significant barrier to reintegration, particularly for youth.
138
Front: The Role of Forensic Psychologists
Back: Forensic psychologists should be aware of the impact of labeling and strive to minimize its negative effects in their practice.
139
Front: What is aggression?
Back: Aggression is any behavior directed toward another individual with the intent to cause harm, and the perpetrator believes the target wants to avoid the behavior.
140
Front: What is violence?
Back: The intentional use of physical force or power, threatened or actual, against a person or group, that results in or has a high likelihood of resulting in injury, death, psychological harm, maldevelopment, or deprivation.
141
Front: What is aggression?
Back: Hostile, injurious, or destructive behavior.
142
Front: How is aggression typically classified?
Back: Aggression is classified according to three dimensions: direct or indirect, manner of expression, and motivation.
143
Front: What is indirect aggression?
Back: Indirect aggression is a covert form of aggression that involves harming someone through indirect means, such as damaging their social status or excluding them.
144
Front: What is reactive aggression?
Back: Reactive aggression is a hot-blooded, impulsive form of aggression triggered by perceived provocation.
145
Front: What is the theoretical basis for reactive aggression?
Back: The frustration-aggression model, which suggests that negative affect, particularly frustration, can lead to aggression.
146
Front: What is proactive aggression?
Back: Proactive aggression is a cold-blooded, premeditated form of aggression motivated by a goal other than harming the victim.
147
Front: What is the first trajectory of physical aggression?
Back: An absence or low incidence of physical aggression starting in early toddlerhood, persisting through childhood and into adolescence.
148
Front: What is the second trajectory of physical aggression?
Back: A moderate level of aggression starting in early toddlerhood, which usually desists in childhood and adolescence.
149
Front: What is the third trajectory of physical aggression?
Back: Stable high physical aggression incidences starting in early toddlerhood.
150
Front: Which trajectory of physical aggression is most prevalent?
Back: The trajectory of declining physical aggression, where children either have occasional use in toddlerhood or infrequent use by age 11.
151
Front: When does physical aggression typically peak?
Back: Physical aggression typically peaks in toddlerhood.
152
Front: Which gender is overrepresented in the high-stable physical aggression trajectory?
Back: Boys are overrepresented in the high-stable physical aggression trajectory.
153
Front: What is reactive aggression (RA) characterized by?
Back: RA is characterized by a "hot" emotional state and is often a response to perceived provocation.
154
Front: How is RA related to self-regulation?
Back: Studies have linked RA to deficits in self-regulation, including the ability to control and change responses according to one's goals.
155
Front: How does RA differ from proactive aggression (PA) in terms of regulation?
Back: While both RA and PA can be related to deficits in behavior and emotion regulation, the link is more consistently found with RA. PA is less consistently associated with poor regulation.
156
Front: What is reactive aggression (RA) linked to?
Back: RA is linked to internalizing problems.
157
Front: What is proactive aggression (PA) linked to?
Back: PA is linked to externalizing problems.
158
Front: How is PA related to psychopathy?
Back: PA is associated with callous-unemotional traits of psychopathy.
159
Front: How is RA related to psychopathy?
Back: RA is more strongly related to fearlessness and alienation characteristics of psychopathy.
160
Front: What is the Social Information Processing (SIP) model?
Back: The SIP model suggests that aggressive individuals make mistakes in processing social information, leading to aggressive behavior.
161
Front: How does the SIP model explain reactive aggression (RA)?
Back: RA is associated with a deficit in the earlier stages of SIP, specifically a hostile attribution bias.
162
Front: How does the SIP model explain proactive aggression (PA)?
Back: PA is associated with a deficit in the later stages of SIP, specifically in outcome expectancies of aggression.
163
Front: What is social adjustment?
Back: Social adjustment refers to the ability to cope with societal demands and engage in satisfying interactions and relationships.
164
Front: How is reactive aggression (RA) related to social adjustment?
Back: RA is more strongly related to low prosocial behavior, peer rejection, and peer victimization compared to proactive aggression (PA).
165
Front: How is RA related to social skills?
Back: RA is consistently related to poor social skills, while PA is not.
166
Front: How does brain function differ between reactive and proactive aggression?
Back: Studies suggest that reactive aggression may be associated with differences in brain regions involved in emotional and cognitive processes, while proactive aggression may be less related to these specific brain regions.
167
Front: What brain region is associated with reductions in proactive aggression?
Back: The right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex.
168
Front: How is reactive aggression related to the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis?
Back: Reactive aggression has been linked to heightened reactivity of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis.
169
Front: What are some genetic influences on reactive aggression?
Back: Poor self-regulation, poor emotion-regulation, impulsivity, negative emotionality, neuroticism, social anxiety, hostile attribution bias, peer rejection, peer victimization, poor social skills, and overactive hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis response to stress.
170
Front: What are some genetic influences on proactive aggression?
Back: Oppositional defiant disorder, conduct disorder, delinquency, substance use, property crime, binge drinking, antisocial behavior, callous-unemotional traits, and positive outcome expectancies.
171
Front: How can prevention and intervention efforts benefit from research on reactive and proactive aggression?
Back: By targeting the specific characteristics and deficiencies implicated in each type of aggression and identifying at-risk children early in life.
172
Front: What kind of intervention could be effective for a primarily reactively aggressive person?
Back: Cognitive interventions targeting hostile attribution bias and social skills training.
173
Front: What kind of intervention could be effective for a primarily proactively aggressive person?
Back: A combination of cognitive interventions (e.g., targeting hostile attributions) and behavioral interventions (e.g., operant conditioning) to address both reactive and proactive tendencies.
174
Front: What is a common method for assessing reactive and proactive aggression?
Back: The Reactive-Proactive Aggression Questionnaire (RPQ).
175
Front: What are some challenges associated with self-report measures of aggression?
Back: Underreporting due to social desirability or lack of insight.
176
Front: What are some alternative methods for assessing aggression?
Back: Self-report measures like the Competitive Reaction Time Task (CRTT), Point Subtraction Aggression Paradigm, and Hot Sauce Aggression Paradigm.
177
Front: What are some criticisms of behavioral measures of aggression?
Back: Limited real-world generalization, lack of motive insight, and the artificial nature of tasks.
178
Front: What is the relationship between aggression and impulsivity?
Back: The self-control theory of crime relates aggression to impulsivity, focusing on reactive, impulsive aggression.
179
Front: How is impulsivity defined?
Back: Impulsivity is behavior without adequate thought, a tendency to act rapidly and without considering negative consequences.
180
Front: What are the three dimensions of impulsivity?
Back: Sensation seeking, impulsive decision-making, and response (dis)inhibition.
181
Front: Which dimension of impulsivity is most strongly associated with reactive aggression?
Back: Inadequate response inhibition.
182
Front: What is Intermittent Explosive Disorder (IED)?
Back: IED is characterized by frequent episodes of extreme anger or physical outbursts leading to destructiveness or violence.
183
Front: What is a key characteristic of the aggressive behavior in IED?
Back: It is a disproportionate reaction to provocation, indicating a reactive nature.
184
Front: What are some neurocognitive correlates of anger and reactive aggression?
Back: Imbalance between limbic system and prefrontal cortex, increased amygdala connectivity with limbic regions, and decreased connectivity between amygdala and medial prefrontal cortex.
185
Front: What brain region is involved in both motor impulsivity and reactive aggression?
Back: The anterior insula.
186
Front: How does provocation affect amygdala connectivity in violent offenders?
Back: Provocation increases amygdala connectivity with limbic regions but decreases connectivity with the medial prefrontal cortex.
187
Front: What is Freud's dual instinct theory?
Back: Freud proposed that behavior is driven by instincts, including aggression, which builds up and needs to be released.
188
Front: How does aggression function in Freud's theory?
Back: Aggression helps maintain internal psychological balance.
189
Front: What are the criticisms of Freud's theory of aggression?
Back: Lack of clear definitions and reliance on case studies.
190
Front: What is the frustration-aggression hypothesis?
Back: Aggression results from frustration, which occurs when goal-directed behavior is blocked.
191
Front: What is the original claim of the frustration-aggression hypothesis?
Back: Aggression always presupposes frustration, and frustration always leads to aggression.
192
Front: What is the refined version of the frustration-aggression hypothesis?
Back: Frustration can lead to aggression, but it doesn't always result in it. Frustration can trigger various responses, with aggression being one possibility.
193
Front: What is Lorenz's hydraulic model of aggression?
Back: Aggression is viewed as innate and driven by a buildup of aggressive energy, released based on the intensity of a trigger.
194
Front: What are the criticisms of Lorenz's hydraulic model of aggression?
Back: Lack of clear definitions and measurable concepts.
195
Front: What is Cognitive Neoassociation Theory (CNT)?
Back: CNT expands on the frustration-aggression hypothesis by including aversive events as triggers for aggression.
196
Front: How does CNT explain the link between aversive events and aggression?
Back: Aversive events generate negative affect, which activates thoughts and memories associated with aggression and fear.
197
Front: What role do cognitive processes play in CNT?
Back: Higher-order processes like appraisal and causal attributions can influence aggression, but aggressive responses can often be automatic and uncontrolled.
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Front: How does CNT apply to different types of aggression?
Back: CNT provides a framework for understanding reactive aggression across various aversive experiences.
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Front: What is Social Learning Theory?
Back: Aggression is learned through direct experience or observation.
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Front: What is Differential Association Theory?
Back: Criminal behavior, including aggression, is learned through interaction with deviant peers.
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Front: What is Labelling Theory?
Back: Deviance, including aggression, is defined by social groups and labels.
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Front: What is Social Interaction Theory?
Back: Proactive aggression is a decision-making process influenced by self-image.
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Front: What is Script Theory?
Back: Aggression is learned through repeated exposure to aggressive scripts.
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Front: What is the Frontal Lobe Dysfunction Theory of Aggression?
Back: This theory suggests that aggression, especially reactive aggression, is linked to dysfunctions in the frontal brain regions, particularly the medial prefrontal cortex.
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Front: How does frontal lobe dysfunction lead to aggression?
Back: Deficits in frontal lobe functioning impair inhibition, leading to increased aggression and antisocial behavior.
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Front: What is the supporting evidence for the Frontal Lobe Dysfunction Theory?
Back: Brain imaging studies have shown reduced cortical inhibition and abnormalities in violent offenders.
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Front: What are the limitations of the Frontal Lobe Dysfunction Theory?
Back: Not all individuals with prefrontal lesions display aggression, and studies often do not differentiate between various types of dysfunctions. No consistent pattern of frontal dysfunction has been identified as predictive of violent crime.
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Front: What are the distinct pathways for anger experience and perception?
Back: Functional and structural neuroimaging studies reveal separate pathways for anger experience and perception.
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Front: How is frontal lobe dysfunction related to aggression?
Back: Decreased activity in medial prefrontal regions combined with increased subcortical activity is linked to antisocial behavior and reactive aggression.
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Front: What is the relationship between autonomic reactivity and aggression?
Back: Low autonomic arousal is linked to aggressive behavior, supporting the Excitation Transfer Theory.
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Front: How does arousal variability influence behavior?
Back: Individuals attempt to maintain an optimal arousal state, which can influence their behavior.
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Front: What hormones influence aggressive behavior?
Back: Testosterone and cortisol play significant roles.
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Front: How does testosterone influence aggression?
Back: Higher testosterone levels are associated with dominance, aggression in response to provocation, and violent behavior. Testosterone can reduce activation of the medial orbitofrontal cortex, impairing impulse control.
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Front: How does cortisol influence aggression?
Back: Low cortisol levels are linked to increased aggression, particularly in males. Cortisol reflects stress reactivity in the HPA axis, with lower stress responses associated with more aggression.
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Front: How do testosterone and cortisol interact to influence aggression?
Back: An imbalance of high testosterone and low cortisol can predispose individuals to reactive aggression.
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Front: What is the role of vasopressin in aggressive behavior?
Back: Testosterone can increase vasopressin gene expression in the amygdala, enhancing aggressive behavior.
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Front: What is the role of serotonin in aggression?
Back: Serotonin plays a crucial role in inhibiting aggression. Lower serotonin activity is linked to increased aggressive responses, particularly in individuals with a high testosterone-cortisol ratio.
218
Front: What is the role of dopamine in aggression?
Back: High dopamine levels can lower the threshold for reactive aggression, making individuals more responsive to perceived threats.
219
Front: What is the role of genetics in aggressive behavior?
Back: Genetic factors significantly influence aggressive behavior, accounting for up to 50% of the variance.
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Front: What are the challenges in understanding the genetic basis of aggressive behavior?
Back: Specific genes linked to aggression remain unidentified.
221
What is Excitation Transfer Theory? How does it relate to reactive aggression?
Emotions arise from both cognitive factors and physiological arousal. Physiological arousal from emotional cues can be misattributed, intensifying anger and making individuals more prone to aggression.
222
What is Self-Control Theory of Crime?
Physiological arousal from emotional cues can be misattributed, intensifying anger and making individuals more prone to aggression.
223
How does self-control change with age?
Self-control improves with age due to hormonal development and socialization.
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What brain region is associated with self-control?
The basal-orbital prefrontal cortex.
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What prenatal factors can contribute to aggressive behavior?
Exposure to cocaine, depression, alcohol, smoking, and stress.
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How do these factors influence vulnerability?
They shape individual vulnerability to environmental influences, with maltreatment being a key factor.
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What is Differential Susceptibility Theory?
Individuals with a biological predisposition are particularly sensitive to environmental influences.
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How does this theory explain individual differences in aggression?
Children with specific genetic markers may be more susceptible to the effects of parenting styles.
229
What is the GAM?
A framework that explains how various factors, including personal and situational variables, influence aggressive behavior.
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How is aggression acquired?
Through processes like instrumental conditioning, labeling information, social habitat attribution, social interaction, and exposure to aggressive scripts.
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What are the three primary learning structures in the GAM?
Perceptual schemas, person schemas, and behavioral scripts.
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What are the four stages involved in the expression of aggressive behavior?
Input variables, cognitive, affective, and arousal processing, decision processes, and outcome expression.
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What is the role of anti-aggressive beliefs and attitudes in the GAM?
The GAM acknowledges the importance of anti-aggressive beliefs and attitudes in mitigating aggressive behavior.
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How does the GAM integrate multiple theories?
The GAM provides a holistic understanding of aggression by integrating various theoretical perspectives.
235
Front: What is the primary focus of most aggression interventions?
Back: Reactive aggression.
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Front: What is Aggression Replacement Training (ART)?
Back: A cognitive-behavioral intervention designed for juvenile delinquents that focuses on anger control, social skills, and moral reasoning.
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Front: What is Stress Inoculation Training (SIT)?
Back: A cognitive-behavioral intervention that focuses on anger management in stressful situations, using techniques like cognitive restructuring, relaxation training, and interpersonal communication skills.
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Front: How effective are cognitive-behavioral interventions for aggression?
Back: Meta-analyses show that cognitive-behavioral techniques effectively reduce both reactive and proactive aggression. However, there is a need for standardization in predicting treatment responses and outcomes.
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Front: What is Multisystemic Therapy (MST)?
Back: MST is a home-based family therapy approach that addresses antisocial behavior in youth by focusing on their interactions with various systems.
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Front: What is the theoretical basis of MST?
Back: Bronfenbrenner's theory of social ecology.
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Front: What are the key components of MST?
Back: Family involvement and targeting empirically identified risk factors for antisocial behavior.
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Front: How effective is MST?
Back: Meta-analyses indicate that MST significantly improves family functioning, with participating families showing up to 70% better outcomes.
243
Front: What is the primary goal of pharmacotherapy for aggressive behavior?
Back: To reduce reactive aggression.
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Front: How effective are antipsychotic medications in reducing aggression?
Back: Antipsychotic medications, especially atypical antipsychotics like olanzapine, can be effective in managing anger and impulsivity, particularly in borderline personality disorder.
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Front: What is the role of benzodiazepines in treating aggression?
Back: Benzodiazepines can be effective for acute reactive aggressive outbursts and anxiety-related symptoms, but they are not recommended for long-term use due to potential dependency.
246
Front: How do mood stabilizers like valproate and lithium affect aggression?
Back: Valproate and lithium can reduce reactive aggression and impulsivity by affecting neurotransmitter function, particularly serotonin.
247
Front: What is the role of MAOIs in treating aggression?
Back: MAOIs, primarily prescribed for depression, can also be effective in reducing anger and hostility, especially in borderline personality disorder.
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Front: How do SSRIs affect aggression?
Back: SSRIs can reduce reactive aggression by increasing serotonin levels.
249
Front: What is the role of anticonvulsants in treating aggression?
Back: Anticonvulsants, typically used for epilepsy, can also reduce aggressive behavior, although research on their anti-aggressive effects is limited.
250
Front: What is the role of the prefrontal cortex in anger control?
Back: Improving prefrontal cortex functions can enhance the ability to reappraise negative emotions and reduce aggression.
251
Front: What is reappraisal as an anger regulation strategy?
Back: Reappraisal involves altering the interpretation of a situation to reduce negative emotions and promote a more positive response.
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Front: How does reappraisal impact neurobiological changes?
Back: Research suggests that reappraisal can lead to changes in brain function that support better emotional regulation.
253
Front: What is the role of neurobiological factors in treatment response?
Back: Neurobiological factors can predict the success of behavioral treatments, highlighting variability in treatment responses.
254
Front: How do omega-3 fatty acids relate to aggression?
Back: Recent research suggests a potential link between omega-3 fatty acid supplements and reduced aggression.
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Front: What evidence supports the role of omega-3 fatty acids in reducing aggression?
Back: Studies have shown a reduction in aggressive incidents among young adult offenders and adult male prisoners who received omega-3 supplements.
256
Front: What are the limitations of current research on omega-3 fatty acids and aggression?
Back: More research is needed to fully understand the underlying mechanisms and long-term effects of dietary interventions on aggressive behavior.
257
Front: How has the understanding of aggression evolved?
Back: From an instinctive behavior to a complex interplay of biological and environmental factors.
258
Front: What are the different types of aggression?
Back: Reactive vs. proactive, direct vs. indirect, verbal vs. physical, and hostile vs. instrumental.
259
Front: How do treatment approaches differ for reactive and proactive aggression?
Back: Reactive aggression may benefit from interventions focusing on anger control and emotional regulation, while proactive aggression may require interventions targeting alternative strategies for achieving goals.
260
Front: What is the importance of addressing emotional components in aggression treatment?
Back: Interventions targeting emotional components, especially callous and unemotional traits associated with proactive aggression, are crucial.
261
Front: What are some promising treatment approaches for aggression?
Back: Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy (CBT), pharmacological treatments, and nutritional interventions.
262
Front: What are the future directions for research on aggression treatment?
Back: Identifying predictors and moderators of treatment response, understanding the mechanisms underlying treatment efficacy, and tailoring interventions to different aggression subtypes.
