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psychopathology Flashcards

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1
Q

what is statistical infrequency

A

defines abnormal behaviours as those that are extremely rare in the population

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2
Q

what is deviation from social norms

A

states that anyone who deviates from socially created norms (or unstated rules ) is considered abnormal

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3
Q

what is the A03 for statistical infrequency

A

not all abnormal behaviours would be considered abnormal-for example very few people have an IQ of over 150 and those who do, this ‘abnormality’ would be considered desirable- therefore using SI means we are unable to distinguish between desirable and undesirable

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4
Q

AO3 for deviation from social norms

A

social norms vary over time such as the fact that homosexuality was considered a mental disorder-similarly in Russian anyone who disagreed with the state was seen as insane and placed in a mental institution- therefore if we define abnormality by deviation from social norms there is a real danger of basing this of social morals and attitudes

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5
Q

what does failure to function adequately mean

A

means when a person is not coping with their day to day life

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6
Q

what does deviation from the ideal mental health propose

A

that certain criteria are needed for positive mental health the absence of any of these would indicate abnormality

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7
Q

what 6 criteria did Jahoda identify for ideal mental health

A

1) positive self attitudes
2) self actualisation
3) integration (being able to cope with stressful situations )
4) autonomy
5) having a accurate perception of reality
6) mastery of the environment (such as relationships, work and problem solving )

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8
Q

A03 for failure to function adequately

A

a limitation is that some apparently dysfunctional behaviours can be beneficial for the individual- eg some mental disorders such as depression and eating disorders lead to extra attention for the individual this is rewarding and rather functional than dysfunctional-
not being able to distinguish between functional and dysfunctional makes the definition incomplete

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9
Q

AO3 for ideal mental health

A

according to ideal mental health we are abnormal-Jahoda’s categories are quite hard to measure eg environmental mastery- this means that the approach may not be usable in terms of abnormality

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10
Q

what is a phobia

A

an anxiety disorder, and is an irrational view of a specific object or situation

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11
Q

what is the main emotional characteristic of a phobia

A

excessive and unreasonable fear of a specific object or situation. This is accompanied by anxiety and panic

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12
Q

what is the behavioural characteristic of a phobia

A

avoiding the phonic stimulus. this interferes with the persons usual social functioning.

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13
Q

what is the cognitive characteristic of a phobia

A

irrational thinking about the phobia

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14
Q

what is depression

A

mood disorder.

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15
Q

what is the main emotional characteristic of depression

A

sadness and loss of interest and pleasure in what the person once took interest in. feeling of despair, low self esteem, lack of control

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16
Q

what is a behavioural characteristic of depression

A

difficulties in concentrating, decreased or increased activity patterns, excessive sleep or insomnia, increased or decreased appetite

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17
Q

what is the main cognitive characteristics for depression

A

irrational negative thoughts about the self, the word in general and the future

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18
Q

what is OCD

A

anxiety disorder. The two components of OCD are impulses (obsessions) and repetitive behaviours (compulsions)

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19
Q

what is the cognitive characteristic of OCD

A

thoughts and impulses. These are recognised by sufferers as being excessive and unreasonable

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20
Q

what is the emotional characteristic of OCD

A

anxiety. sufferers also experience embarrassment and shame about their obsessions and compulsions.

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21
Q

what is the behavioural characteristic of OCD

A

repetitive behaviour. it is performed overtly (eg handwashing) and covertly (eg counting)

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22
Q

how did mowrer explain phobias through classical conditioning

A

explains how a phobias are acquired. an initial NS is paired with an UCS , which produces the UCR of fear. The neutral then becomes a conditioned stimulus and produces a fear as a conditioned response whenever the CS is presented

23
Q

what was Watsons and Raynor’s study on little albert

A

paired an initially a NS ( a white rat ) with an unconditioned stimulus (loud noise). This produced the unconditioned response of fear in the baby little albert. after making this 4 times, little albert produced a conditioned fear response when they presented him with the rat with the UCS

24
Q

how did mowrer explain phobias through operant conditioning

A

explains how phobias are maintained. if fear is lowered by avoiding the phobic stimulus, then avoidance behaviour becomes a negative reinforcer

25
Q

AO3 of behavioural approach in explaining phobias

A

+ Has good explanatory power​

  • There’s alternative explanations for avoidance behaviour​
  • It’s an incomplete explanation of phobias​
  • Not all bad experiences lead to phobias​
  • Doesn’t properly consider cognitive aspects of phobias
26
Q

how does systematic desensitisation treat phobias

A

uses counterconditioning to replace fear with relaxation for example patients learn a relaxation technique such as slow breathing

27
Q

how does flooding treat phobias

A

involves single exposure to to most feared situation.

28
Q

AO3 for systematic desensitisation

A

+ Effective​
+ Suitable for a wide range of patients​
+ Acceptable to patients​
- Time consuming

29
Q

what was ellis ABC model

A

Ellis suggested that depression arises from irrational thoughts. He devised the ABC Model.
proposed when activating event (A) leads to an irrational belief (B), the consequence of this (C) may be depression

30
Q

what was Becks negative triad

A

Negative Views of the World: ‘the world is a cold hard place’​
Negative View of the Future: ‘there isn’t a chance of things getting better’​
Negative View of the Self: ‘I am a failure’

31
Q

what are the three behavioural explanations for phobias

A
  • the two process model
  • acquisition by classical conditioning
  • maintenance by operant conditioning
32
Q

what is does the two process model say about phobias

A

Phobias are learned by Classical Conditioning and then maintained by Operant Conditioning

33
Q

what does maintained by operant conditioning mean in terms of operant conditioning

A

Operant conditioning takes place when our behaviour is reinforced or punished.​
Negative Reinforcement: Individual produces behaviour that avoids something unpleasant.​
When a phobic avoids a phobic stimulus they escape the anxiety that they would have experienced.​
This reduction in fear negatively reinforces the avoidance behaviour and the phobia is maintained.

34
Q

AO3 for flooding

A

+ Quick​

  • Less effective for some types of phobias​
  • Traumatic for patients
35
Q

what is Becks cognitive theory of depression

A

Beck suggested that some people are more prone to depression because of faulty information processing. They attend to the negative aspects of a situation and ignore positives.​
Depressed people have a negative self-schema. They interpret all of the information about themselves in a negative way.

36
Q

AO3 for becks cognitive theory

A

+ Good supporting evidence​
+ Has practical application​
- Doesn’t explain all aspects of depression

37
Q

AO3 Ellis ABC model

A
  • Only a partial explanation of depression

- Cognitions may not cause all aspects of depression

38
Q

what is Cognitive Behaviour Therapy: Beck

A

Patient and therapist work together to clarify the patient’s problems. They identify where there might be negative or irrational thoughts that will benefit from challenge.

39
Q

what does negative triad mean in becks cognitive therapy

A

The aim is to identify negative thoughts about the self, the world and the future and challenge them. The patients must take an active role in their treatment.

40
Q

what does ‘patients as scientists’ mean in becks cognitive therapy

A

Patients are encouraged to test the reality of their irrational beliefs. They are looking for evidence to disprove their irrational beliefs.​

41
Q

what does Rational Emotive Behaviour Therapy (REBT) mean

A

REBT extends the ABD model to include:
D: Dispute​
E: Effect

42
Q

what does challenging irrational beliefs mean in REBT

A

Therapist identified the irrational belief and challenge it using empirical arguments and logic arguments.

43
Q

what does behavioural activation mean in REBT

A

To work with the depressed patient to gradually decrease their avoidance and isolation, and increase their engagement and activities that have been shown to improve mood.

44
Q

AO3 for cognitive treatments of depression

A

+ Effective
+ Success due to therapist-patient relationship
- May not work for severe cases
- Overemphasises cognition

45
Q

what are the genetic explanations for OCD

A

Researchers have identified specific genes which create a vulnerability for OCD, called Candidate genes.​
Serotonin Genes are implicated in the transmission of serotonin across synapses​
Dopamine Genes are implicated in OCD also. Both Dopamine and Serotonin are neurotransmitters that have a role in regulating mood.​

46
Q

what genes are involved in OCD

A

OCD is not caused by one single genes but several genes are involved. This means it is polygenic. Evidence has been found that there are up to 230 genes involved in OCD.

47
Q

what are the neural explanations for OCD

A

Neurotransmitters are responsible for relaying information from one neuron to another. E.g. if someone has low levels of serotonin then normal transmission of mood-relevant information does not take place and mood is affected.

48
Q

what is associated with OCD

A

Some cases of OCD seem to be associated with impaired decision making. This ma be associated with abnormal functioning of the lateral frontal lobes of the brain. The frontal lobes are responsible for logical thinking and decision making.

49
Q

name a biological treatment for OCD

A

Drug therapy aims to increase or decrease levels of neurotransmitters in the brain or to increase/decrease their activity. ​
Low levels of serotonin are implicated in OCD so drugs work in various ways to increase the level of serotonin in the brain.

50
Q

what do SSRI’s prevent in OCD treatment

A

SSRI’s prevent the reabsorption and breakdown of serotonin in the brain. This increases levels in the synapse and serotonin continues to stimulate the postsynaptic neuron. This compensated for whatever is wrong with the serotonin system in OCD.

51
Q

what is the drug dosage in the biological treatment of OCD

A

Typically a daily dosage is 20mg although it can be increased.​
It takes 3-4 months of daily use of SSRIs to impact on the symptoms.

52
Q

what are the Alternatives to SSRIs

A

Tricyclics: Have the same effect on the serotonin system but the side-effects are more severe.​
SNRIs: Increase levels of serotonin as well as noreadrenaline. ​
Both are mainly used if the patients don’t respond to SSRIs.

53
Q

what happens when you combine SSRIs with CBT

A

Drugs are often used alongside CBT to treat OCD. The drugs reduce the patients emotional symptoms, such as feeling anxious or depressed. This means patients can engage more effectively with CBT.

54
Q

AO3 for biological treatment of OCD

A

+ Effective​
+ Cost-effective and non-disruptive​
- Side effects​
- Evidence is unreliable

psychology AS (7 decks)

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