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psychology AS > Attachment > Flashcards

Attachment Flashcards

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1
Q

what does reciprocity mean

A

refers to the actions of one partner elicit a response from the other partner

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2
Q

what is interactional synchrony

A

refers to how when the infant and care giver interact they tend to mirrow what the other is doing in terms of their facial and body movements

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3
Q

what did meltzoff and moore find out about interactional synchrony

A

1977-infants imitate specific facial and hand gestures as young as 1-3 weeks old
1983-found evidence of interactional synchrony as young as 3 days old suggesting this is likely to be innate rather learned

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4
Q

what was schaffer and emersons procedure in the study of stages of attachment

A

in 1964 they carried out a study on infants in Glasgow. infants were 5-23 weeks old at the start and were studied until the age of 1 years old

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5
Q

how do schaffer and emerson describe the stages of attachment

A

stage 1:indiscriminate attachment-infants have a small response to objects
stage 2:the beginnings of attachment-at around 4 months infants become more social
stage 3: discriminate attachments-by 7 months infants started to show separation and stranger anxiety
stage 4: multiple attachments:after the main attachment is formed many more come after this

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6
Q

what is separation anxiety

A

when an infant is separated from one particular person and shows joy at the reunion

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7
Q

what did schaffer and emerson and lamb find about the role of the father

A

schaffer and emerson found that fathers were less likely to be primary attachment figures than mothers
lamb (1977) reported that there was little relationship between the amount of time fathers spent with their infants and father infant attachment

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8
Q

what biological reasons affect the role of the father

A

female hormone oestrogen underlines caring behaviour

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9
Q

how can cultural expectations and stereotypes affect the role of the father

A

there is a belief that to be sensitive to others needs is feminine

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10
Q

evaluation of development of attachment

A
  • schaffer and emersons data may be unreliable-study was based on mothers reports of baby’s behaviour-creates systematic bias - challenging the validity of schaffer and emersons conclusion
  • schaffer and emersons study sample was biased- samole was drawn from a wc basis so may not apply to other social groups also study was from 1960s-which means if a similar study was carried out the results may be different
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11
Q

what was Lorenz(1935)procedure

A

one group of goose eggs were left with their mothers but the other group were placed in an incubator

  • when the incubator group hatched the first thing they saw was Lorenz so they followed him
  • Lorenz marked the two groups to distinguish them and then placed them together with him and their mother
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12
Q

what was Lorenz (1935) findings

A

the non incubator goslings started following their mother wheres the incubator gosling ignored their natural instinct and followed Lorenz

  • if the goslings were not introduced to a physical object during a specific period, the critical period, the animals did not imprint
  • Lorenz noted the process is irreversible and long lasting and this early imprinting has an effect on later make preferences called sexual imprinting
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13
Q

what was harlows (1959) procedure

A

Harlow created two wired ‘surrogate’. one was wrapped in soft cloth to provide contact comfort. 8 motherless monkeys were studied for 165 days. milk was placed on the cloth mother for one group and the plain wired mothers for the other groups. measurements were made of how long the monkeys spent with each mother and their responses when frightened

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14
Q

evaluation of lorenz study

A

research support for imprinting-guiton found that chickens exposed to rubber ducks became imprinted on them-provides clear support for conclusion on imprinting

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15
Q

evaluation of harlow study

A

confounding variables - one possibility is that the cloth mother had a more attractive head- lacked internal validity as differences between the two surrogate mothers was not controlled

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16
Q

how does classical conditioning explain attachments

A

-in attachment food is the UCS, pleasure is the UCR
-NS is the mother as they are present when the infant is fed
-if the NS (mother) is consistently associated with the UCS (food) it takes on the properties of the UCS and produces the same response. the NS is now CS and produces a CR
just seeing this person gives the infant pleasure learning theorists call this motherly love

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17
Q

evaluation of learning theory’s as an explanation for attachments

A
  • suggest food is a key element for attachment- evidence from harlows study shows that contact comfort was more important-learning theory only presents a limited explanation for attachment
  • based on animal studies and research-although behaviours argue humans are similar to animals but critics say attachment is too complex to explain in this way
  • schaffer and Emerson
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18
Q

what time period is the critical period

A

around 3 -6 months

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19
Q

what are social releasers

A

features of the infant such as smiling

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20
Q

what is monotropy

A

bowlby proposed that infants have one special emotional bond

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21
Q

what is the internal working model

A

an infant has one special relationship and forms a mental representation of this relationship. this acts as a template for future relationships

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22
Q

what is the continuity hypothesis

A

proposes that individuals that are strongly attached in infancy continue to be socially and emotionally competent throughout childhood and adulthood compared to infants who are not strongly attached

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23
Q

evaluation of bowlbys theory

A
  • explains why infants attach during critical period and not when first born- infants become attached between 3-6 months when they crawl it is vital that their care giver protects them during this time
  • research support for monotropy- prior and glaser-
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24
Q

how does operant conditioning explain attachments

A

positive reinforcement is the infant being fed when it is hungry. the food becomes a primary reinforcer and the person who supplies it becomes the secondary reinforcer.
as a result attachment occurs when the infant seeks the person , usually the mother, who can supply the reward (food

25
Q

what was the aim of ainsworths (1971) study

A

to test the nature of attachment in order to see how infants behave under conditions of mild stress or novelty

26
Q

what was ainsworths procedure

A

consisted of 8 episodes. the key feature of these episodes is that the stranger and the care giver ultimately stay with infant then leave. observers record how the child reacts to separation anxiety, stranger anxiety and reunion behaviour

27
Q

what was the findings of ainsworths study

A

found evidence of three different attachments:
securely attached infants type B
insecure avoidant infants type a
insecure resistant infants type c

28
Q

what are the characteristics of an infant who is securely attached

A

use caregivers as a secure base to explore. they are not likely to cry if the care giver leaves and show some distress when a stranger arrives

29
Q

what are the characteristics of an infant who is insecure avoidant

A

happy to explore with or without caregiver. they show little response to separation and show little or no social interaction and and intimacy with others

30
Q

what are the characteristics of an infant who is insecure resistant

A

seek and resist social interaction with others. they show high levels of separation anxiety and stranger anxiety. when reunited with caregivers they show conflicting behaviours and resist being picked up

31
Q

evaluation of strange situation

A
  • real life application
  • explains subsequent outcomes-increases validity
  • good reliability
32
Q

what was van Ijzendoorn and kroonenberg(1988) procedure

A

conducted a meta analysis from the findings of 32 studies of attachment behaviour, this involved over 2000 strange situation classifications in 8 different countries

33
Q

what was Ijzendoorn and kroonenberg (1988) findings

A

differences were small with secure attachment the most common in every country. the presence of these cultural similarities supports the idea that secure attachment is the best for healthy social and emotional development

34
Q

what did tronick et al (1992) find about cultural similarities

A

studied an african tribe the efe who lived in extended family groups. despite differences in child rearing practices at 6 months still showed 1 primary attachment

35
Q

what did Grossman and Grossman (1991) find about cultural differences

A

found higher levels of insecure attachment amongst German infants than in other cultures.

36
Q

definition of deprivation

A

refers to the loss of emotional care that is normally provided by the primary caregiver. this would lead to long term consequences in terms of emotional development

37
Q

definition the value of maternal care

A

children need a ware intimate and continuous relationship with a mother figure to ensure mental health

38
Q

definition of the critical period

A

if there is no substitute mother before the 2 and a half years may become emotionally disturbed

39
Q

what was bowlbys 44 thieves procedure

A

analysed case studies of 88 emotionally maladjusted children after attending a child guidance clinic-half had been caught stealing and the other half was the control group. bowlby suggested that 14 of the thieves were affection less psychopaths- they lacked normal sign of affection, shame or sense of responsibility

40
Q

what was bowblys 44 thieves findings

A

found that of the 14 individuals diagnosed as affection less thieves
12 had experienced frequent early separations from their mothers. suggesting this is linked to affection less psychopathy

41
Q

evaluation of bowblys 44 theives

A
  • research support

- real world application-

42
Q

what was the aim of rutters Romanian study

A

effects of institutionalisation- studied 165 Romanian orphans who spent their early lives in Romanian institutions

43
Q

what was the procedure for rutters roman study

A

adoptees were tested ta regular intervals to asses physical , cognitive and social development and compared to a control group of 52 British children adopted in the UK before the age of 6 months

44
Q

what was the findings of rutters roman study

A

the Romanian children lagged the British children in development. by the age of 4. some of the children had caught up with their British counterparts, particularly those adopted before the age of 6 months

45
Q

evaluation of romanian studies

A
  • individual differences in the effects of institutionalisation
  • real life application
46
Q

what is the definition of the internal working model

A

an infant learns what relationships are and how partners in a relationship behave towards each other from experience. this is used to predict the behaviour of other people in the future

47
Q

what does the internal working model affect

A

also affects childhood friendships, parenting and mental health

48
Q

Explain why some children show characteristics of secure attachment and some characteristics of insecure attachment

A

Children show different types of attachment because of their mothers behaviour towards them
Ainsworth suggested secure attachments were the result of mother’s being sensitive to the child’s needs while insecure attachment was associated with insensitive mothering

49
Q

Outline bowlbys theory of attachment

A

Suggests attachment is important for survival. Infants are innately programmes to form an attachment. This is a biological process and takes place during the critical period. The role social releasers is to communicate with the PCG. The child’s relationship with the PCG provides a internal working model which influences later relationships

50
Q

Outline and evaluate bowlbys monotropic theory of attachment

A

Outline -
Infants have an innate drive to survive
Babies seek proximity to carer for safety
Monotropy
Babies uses social releasers to attract the caregivers reciprocity
Critical period
Evaluation -
Continuity hypothesis
Animal evidence in favour of bowlbys theory
Schaffer and Emerson evidence of multiple attachments

51
Q

What is meant by the term attachment

A

Defined as the emotional relationship between two people in which each seeks closeness and feels more secure when in the presence of the attachment figure

52
Q

What was the strange situation procedure

A

7 controllers observation

Assessed proximity seeking, exploration and secure base, stranger and separation anxiety, response to reunion

53
Q

Effects of institutionalisation on Luca

A

Cognitive impairment

Problems forming relationships l

54
Q

What is bowlbys maternal deprivation theory

A

This has the idea that the continual presence of nurture from a mother of mother substitute is essential for normal psychological development of babies and toddlers both emotionally and intellectually.
Bowlby saw the first 30months of life as the critical period for psychological development

55
Q

In what ways did bowlby say maternal deprivation impacts development

A

Intellectual development- bowlby believed that if children were deprived of maternal care for too long during the critical period they would suffer delayed intellectual development, characterised by abnormally Low IQ

Emotional development- bowlby identifier affection-less psychopathy as the inability to experience guilt or strong emotion for others. Prevents the person developing normal relationships and lack remorse

56
Q

What was Rutters aim in the effect of institutionalisation

A

To investigate the effects of early institutionalisation and deprivation on later life development

57
Q

What was rutters procedure

A

Ritter studied Romanian orphans who had been placed in orphanages aged 1-2 weeks old, with minimal adult contact. This was a longitudinal study and a natural experiment

58
Q

What was rutters findings

A

Those who was adopted by British families before 6 months showed “normal” emotional development compared with UK children adopted at the same age

59
Q

AO3 of effects of institutionalisation

A

May not be representative as once people were adopted they may not wish to take part in the study anymore

psychology AS (7 decks)

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