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Psychopathology Flashcards

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1
Q

Deviation from Social Norms

A

Type of abnormality where someone is behaving in a way which goes against social norms

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2
Q

Deviation from Social Norms Evaluation

A
  • social norms are different across cultures
  • social norms change over time
    + gives a clear indication between what is normal and abnormal
    + helps society intervene and give aid to the abnormal person
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3
Q

Failure to function adequately

A

Type of Abnormality where a person is not able to cope with day to day life

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4
Q

Failure to function adequately Evaluation

A

+ has a checklist
+ judges observable behaviour
- varies from culture to culture
- times where it is normal to do something like feeling distress when a loved one has died

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5
Q

GAF scale

A 
Rosenhan and Seligman 1989 
list of criteria which determines if you are abnormal or not 
personal distress 
maladaptive behaviour 
unpredictability 
irrationality 
observer discomfort 
violation of moral standards 
unconventionality
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6
Q

Deviation from ideal mental health

A

Type of Abnormality where a person cannot meet the criteria for perfect psychological well-being

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7
Q

Deviation from Ideal mental health Evaluation

A

+ targets areas of dysfunction
+ emphasises positive achievements
- criteria is overdemanding
- criteria cannot be applied to other countries

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8
Q

Deviation from ideal mental health characteristics

A 
Jahoda 1958 
positive attitude towards oneself 
self-actualisation 
autonomy 
resisting stress 
accurate perception of reality 
environmental mastery
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9
Q

Statistical Infrequency

A

Type of abnormality where anyone displaying a rare behavour is considered abnormal

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10
Q

Statistical Infrequency Evaluation

A

+ no judgements are made
+ objective
- some rare behaviours are desirable
- doesn’t consider cultural factors

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11
Q

Phobias

A

Anxiety disorder characterised by an extreme irrational fear of something

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12
Q

Behavioural Symptoms of Phobias

A

the phobia disrupts the functioning of the person
phobia causes the person to avoid certain places
when they come into contact with object/thing that they have a phobia of, it produces a high anxiety response

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13
Q

Emotional Symptoms of Phobias

A

high levels of anxiety for sufferer

fear of coming into contact with the cause of the phobia

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14
Q

Cognitive Symptoms of Phobias

A

phobics are aware of the anxiety levels that they experience are over exaggerated

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15
Q

Depression

A

mood disorder characterised by feelings of despondency and hopelessness
two types of depression: unipolar and bipolar
unipolar: depression that occurs without mania
bipolar: depression characterised by periods of mania and periods of hopelessness

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16
Q

Behavioural Symptoms of Depression

A 
unipolar symptoms 
loss of energy 
social impairment 
weight changes 
poor personal hygiene 
sleep pattern disturbance 
bipolar symptoms 
high energy levels 
reckless behaviour 
talkative
17
Q

Emotional Symptoms of Depression

A 
unipolar symptoms
loss of euthusiasm 
constant depressed mood 
worthlessness 
bipolar symptoms
elevated mood states 
irritability 
lack of guilt
18
Q

Cognitive Symptoms of Depression

A 
unipolar symptoms
delusions 
reduced concentration 
thoughts of death 
poor memory 
bipolar symptoms
delusions
irrational thought processes
19
Q

Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD)

A

anxiety disorder characterised by persistent, recurrering thoughts and repetitive, ritualistic behaviours

20
Q

Obsession Symptoms

A 
Behavioural 
get in the way of day to day life 
social impairment 
Emotional 
extreme anxiety 
Cognitive 
recurrent and persistent thoughts 
recognised as self-generated 
realisation of inappropriateness 
attentional bias
21
Q

Compulsion Symptoms

A 
Behavioural 
repetitive 
hinder everyday functioning 
social impairment 
Emotional 
distress 
Cognitive 
uncontrollable urges 
realisation of inappropriateness
22
Q

Common Obessions and Compulsions

A 
Obsessions 
contamination 
fear of losing control 
perfectionism 
religion 
Compulsions 
excessive washing and cleaning 
excessive checking 
repetition 
mental compulsions 
hoarding
23
Q

Explanations of Phobias

A

Two process model
the aquisition of a phobia is learned through classical conditioning
the maintenance of phobias is seen through operant conditioning

24
Q

Little Albert Study

A

John Watson and Rosalie Rayner 1920
Aim
to find empirical evidence that human emotional responses could be learned through classical conditioning
Procedure
laboratory experiment with one participant, Albert. He was presented with various stimuli including a white rat, a rabbit and cotton wool. He experienced no fear reaction when handling these objects. A fear reaction was induced by hitting a steel bar with a hammer which would startle Albert and make him cry. When he was given the white rat, the steel bar would be hit which would frighten Albert. This procedure was repeated three times and other conditioning techniques continued for 3 months.
Findings
When Albert was shown the white rat, he would respond by crying and crawling away. He also displayed this behaviour with other white and fluffy things.
Conclusions
Conditioned emotional responses are aquirred as a diret result of environmental experiences which can transfer and persist
Evaluation
- unethical as the participant was put under stress
- hard to repilcate

25
Q

Systematic Desensitisation

A

behavioural therapy for treating phobias which has the sufferer making a hierarchy of fears and learning relaxtion techniques and going through the hierarchy step by step

26
Q

Flooding

A

Behavioural therapy for treating phobias which has the sufferer facing direct contact with their feared object

27
Q

Alternative explanations of phobias

A

Cognitive
Phobias are developed because the phobics has an attentional bias to focus upon the anxiety generating stimuli
Evolutionary
Phobias have a survival value

28
Q

Research on Phobias

A

King et al 1998

case studies showed that children developed strong phobias through a traumatic experience

29
Q

Beck’s negative triad (1987)

A

a model of cognitive biases which are characteristic features of depression. Consists of three parts: negative views of the world, negative views about the future and negative views about oneself

30
Q

Ellis’ ABC model

A

an explanation of depression which sees depression occuring through an activation event, a belief and a consequence

31
Q

Explanations for Depression

A 
Cognitive 
Depression is caused by faulty and irrational thought processes 
Genetic 
Depression is inherited through genes 
Behavioural 
Depression is learned
32
Q

Ways of treating depression

A

Cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT)
Sees Depression being caused by faulty thought processes
helps people by trying to change the faulty thought processses
Rational emotive behaviour therapy (REBT)
tries to make patients’ irrational and negative thoughts more rational and positive
Drug thearpy
has a physical effect on the brain by increasing levels of serotonin

33
Q

Research on depression

A

Boury et al 2001
students negative thoughts were monitered with BDI which found that depressives misinterpret facts and experiences in a negative fashion which gives support to Beck’s cognitive explanation
Koster et al 2005
participants were shown either a positive, negative or neutral word on screen and then a square would appear. Participants would then press a button and say which area of the screen the square appeared in. It was found that it took longer for the participants to disengage from the negative words

34
Q

Explanations for OCD

A

Genetic
OCD is inherited through genetic transmission
Neural
OCD is caused by breakdowns in the immune system

35
Q

Ways of treating OCD

A

Drug Therapy
Psychosurgery
CBT

Psychology (9 decks)

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