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psychopathology Flashcards

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1
Q

define a phobia

A

an irrational fear to an object or situation

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2
Q

3 behavioral characteristics of phobias

A

panic/fear
avoidance
endurance

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3
Q

the emotional response to a phobic object is …

A

anxiety that is out of proportion to the threat the posed by the phobic object

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4
Q

cognitive characteristics of phobias

A

selective attention
irrational beliefs
cognitive distortions

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5
Q

emotional characteristics of depression

A

low mood
low self esteem
anger

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6
Q

behavioral changes that commonly occur with depression

A

anxiety levels decrease or increase
aggression and self harm
disruption to sleep and eating patterns

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7
Q

3 cognitive characteristics of depression

A

poor concentration
absolutist thinking
attending to dwell on the negative

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8
Q

behavioral characteristics of OCD

A

compulsions (repetitive and reduce anxiety

avoidance

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9
Q

emotional characteristics of OCD

A

guilt and disgust
accompanying depression
anxiety and distress

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10
Q

cognitive characteristics of OCD

A

obsessive thoughts
cognitive strategies to deal with obsessions
insight into excessive anxiety

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11
Q

how do we explain the genetic basis of OCD

A

we get 50% of genes from each parent, in which our brains our built from. Brains are the source of mental state so if we inherit anything then disorders may also be inherited

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12
Q

Identity 2 findings from Lewis’s family study

A
  1. 37% of patients had a parent with OCD

2. 21% of patients had a sibling with OCD

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13
Q

why is Lewis’s study only weak evidence for the role of genes in inheritance of OCD

A
  1. the numbers are not high enough, share 50% of genes so we expect concordance rates to be closer to that
  2. family studies do not separate the influence of genes and environment
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14
Q

Identify two findings of Nestadt’s twin study of OCD

A

MZ - 68%

DZ - 31%

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15
Q

what model claims that OCD is a result of interaction between genes and environment

A

diathesis stress model

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16
Q

What did Cromer find in relation to OCD

A

54% of people who have OCD and took the survey had had a ‘traumatic life event’

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17
Q

what is molecular genetics

A

tries to identify specific candidate genes that lead to a disorder

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18
Q

what type of genes are closely associated with OCD

A

those involved in serotonin production

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19
Q

how many genes did Taylor identify were associated with an increased risk of OCD

A

230

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20
Q

what model suggests that OCD is a result of many genes all which have a small effect

A

polygenic

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21
Q

what is serotonin and what specific symptom is it thought to lead to

A

a neurotransmitter that regulates mood, in people in OCD it is low and thought to lead to the repetition of tasks

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22
Q

what type of drug is used to raise serotonin levels

A

SSRI’s - selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors

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23
Q

how do drug trials using SSRI’s

A

SSRI’s increase serotonin
this reduces symptoms of OCD
so serotonin must be a factor involved in OCD

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24
Q

why does the fact many OCD patients also have depression affect the evidence drawn from scans and drug trials

A
  1. low serotonin could cause the depression but not the OCD so scans can show the link to depression
  2. trials could improve mood relating to depression so it looks like OCD has been treated
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25
what part of the brain is impaired with OCD
orbital frontal cortex
26
identify 2 functions of the orbital frontal cortex
1. logical thinking and decision making | 2. ignoring impulses to behave
27
what might be the effect of an impaired orbital frontal cortex
1. lack of logical thinking, including hoarding | 2. cant resist urge to hoard
28
What did Ursu and Carter find in their scanning study about the orbital frontal cortex and what did it suggest
hyperactivity, suggesting inability to stop obsessive thoughts
29
who else found supporting evidence for the link between hyperactivity and the inability to stop obsessive thoughts
Saxena & Ruach - review of previous studies
30
why is evidence from scanning studies inconclusive
1. other brain areas are impaired | 2. scans are correlational - can not identify cause and effect
31
What do SSRI's do to increase serotonin level
1. it is normal for neurotransmitters to not be taken at the post synaptic receptor sites and are instead reabsorbed into the synaptic vesicle 2. SSRI's block the synaptic vesicle to accelerate circulation of serotonin
32
Identify other drugs used to treat OCD
1. anti - depressants 2. anti - psychotics 3. anti - anxiety
33
Fineberg's study
clinical trial where patients either took SSRI (Escitalopram) or a placebo 1. Escitalopram 23% reported recurring symptoms 2. Placebo 52% reported recurring symptoms
34
Soomro's study
meta analysis - 17 studies all showed better results for SSRI's than placebos
35
why are clinical trials convincing evidence for effectiveness of SSRI's
experimental - patients randomly allocated with a double blind procedure
36
what % are SSRI's affective for
70%
37
why might these results exaggerate the effect of SSRI's
file drawer problem - negative results not published
38
Why is it best to combin CBT with drug treatment
1. drugs help them engage with CBT in short term | 2. CBT gives coping strategies in long term
39
Why do SSRI's sometimes have reduced compliance rates
side effects 1. indigestion 2. blurred vision 3. loss of sex drive
40
what are the 3 elements of Beck's negative triad
1. negative view of self - I'm worthless 2. negative view of world - nothing good happens to me 3. negative view of future - nothing is ever going to change
41
when should we be able to identify the negative beliefs
they precede the depression so should be identifiable before the depression develops
42
according to Beck what is the initial cause of the negative triad
traumatic events childhood loss abuse
43
identify Ellis's ABC model
A - activating event B - beliefs C - consequences
44
Identify Ellis's definition of irrational beliefs
any belied that stops us from being happy and free from pain
45
what are the three types of irrational beliefs
1. musturbation 2. I - can't - stand - it -itis 3. Utopianism
46
Koster et al
1. presented participants with positive, neutral or negative word 2. asked to press a button on where it was on the screen 3. depressed patients took longer to press the button when the word was negative 4. suggests people with depression focus on negative - proof for cognitive theory
47
why is the result of Kroster's study not conclusive evidence for the cognitive explanation for depression
we can't tell if the beliefs caused the illness, were a part of it or an effect of the illness
48
who were the participants in Grazioli and Terry's study
pregnant women - a high risk group, can identify negative triad before depression
49
what other evidence is there for the cognitive explanation for depression
clinical trials - cognitive therapies are effective suggesting that the cognitive theory is valid
50
what is an alternative explanation for depression and what evidence is there
genetics - twin studies concordance rates for MZ higher than DZ - depression has a genetic component
51
how can genetics be an alternative or complimentary explanation
alternative - genes are a direct cause of depression | complimentary - genes cause negative beliefs, which cause depression
52
what are three components of Beck's cognitive therapy
1. identify negative beliefs 2. challenge negative beliefs by rational arguments and evidence 3. homework is set to record events + try new things
53
In Ellis's rational - emotive behavioral therapy what is the addition of D and E
D - disputing irrational beliefs | E - effective rational beliefs
54
identify 2 ways of disputing irrational beliefs and what they involve
1. empirical argument - showing the patient is factually mistaken 2. logical argument -showing the patient has reached an unjustified conclusion that doesn't add up/ follow through
55
In march's study identify % recovery rates for the 3 conditions
CBT - 81% drugs - 81% CBT + drugs - 86% well controlled field experiments
56
Cuijper's study
meta analysis - 0.71 effect size ( large - moderate)
57
compare drugs and CBT as treatment for depression
1. drugs don't provide coping mechanisms CBT does 2. drugs have side effects CBT doesn't 3. drugs may be needed to improve alertness and motivation to be able to carry out CBT
58
Why is CBT the most common use treatment for depression
it is cheaper - has a standard time session of 12 minutes
59
why is CBT effective
builds a trusting relationship useful for patients to be listened to and taken seriously
60
statistical infrequency
any unusual behavior is abnormal and any relatively usual behavior is considered normal e.g. intellectual disability disorder 2% have IQ lower than 70 so are classified abnormal
61
evaluation of statistical infrequency
real life application - most diagnosis involve a test of how severe symptoms are compared to social norms unusual can be positive - IQ of over 130 is also in the 2% but is positive labelling sometimes negative - people with a low IQ may be living and working etc. well being labelled as abnormal may affect how they view themselves and ho others view them
62
deviation from social norms
defining people as abnormal when they challenge what is thought of as normal or a social norm specific to separate cultures so homosexuality may be considered abnormal somewhere but normal somewhere else e.g. antisocial personality disorder
63
deviation from social norms evaluation
not a sole explanation - other factors to consider such as distress to other people cultural relativism - something may be considered normal in one culture but abnormal in another makes it hard for people living in different cultures human rights abuse - used to be to maintain control of minority group now possibly refusing the right to be different
64
failure to function adequately
abnormal when they can no longer cope with normal everyday life - not maintaining hygiene or nutrition 1. no longer has regards for standard interpersonal rules 2. when they experience some severe distress 3. behavior comes irrational and dangerous to themselves or others
65
failure to function adequately evaluation
looks at their own subjective experiences and helps those who do need the help risk limiting personal freedom and discriminating against minority groups subjective judgements - a person e.g. a psychiatrist makes the decision to say whether this person is distressed and suffering
66
deviation away from ideal mental health
consider what makes someone have the ideal mental health and then see who deviates away from that e.g. good self esteem can cope with stress able to self actualize
67
deviation away from social norms evaluation
comprehensive - covers a broad range of things that people would go seek help for cultural relativism - the ideal mental health may categories things that may seem or be thought of as negative unrealistic high standards - makes clear the ways in which people could benefit from getting treatment but also can be negative thinking of how people would benefit against their will

Psychology (11 decks)

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