Memory Flashcards
Researchers into coding capacity and duration
Coding- Baddeley
Capacity- Jacobs/Miller
Duration- Peterson&Peterson
Parts of the working memory model (wmm)
Central executive
Episodic buffer
Phonological loop (phonological store and articulatory process)
Visual spatial sketchpad (inner scribe and visual cache)
Evaluation of WMM
+clinical evidence-KF
+duel task performance- Baddeley
-lack of clarity over the central executive
Evaluation of MSM
+ Research evidence o back it up- Baddeley proved STM and LTM are different
- more than 1 type of STM-KF
- more than one type of rehearsal - Craik and Watkins
Types of LTM
Episodic buffer
Semantic memory
Procedural memory
Episodic memory
Recall of personal they are time stamped and have to have conscious effort to remember them
Semantic memory
Knowledge of the world- not time stamped and is constantly added to
Procedural memory
memory of action, does not require conscious thought
Evaluation of LTM
+clinical evidence- HM and Clive Wearing both episodic memory effected but semantic memory unaffected
What is interference theory
When two pieces on information contradict, resulting in forgetting both memories or ending with one distorted memory.
Two types of interference
Proactive
Retroactive
Proactive interference
when an older memory interferes with a new one
Retroactive interference
when a newer memory interferes with an older one.
Who researched the effect of similarity on inference
McGeoch and McDonald- had to learn a list of words to 100% accuracy then put into 6 groups e.g resting or 3 digit numbers or synonyms or unrelated words
Results of research into effect on inference
recall of original lost of words depended on the group they were placed in, those with synonyms had the worst recall - inference is strongest when memories are similar.
evaluation of inference theory
+thousands of lab experiments have proved it to show both ways are common ways of explaining forgetting
-use of artificial stimuli makes inference much more likely to happen
+real life experiments- Baddeley and Hitch - rudgby players memory of a team they played 3 weeks ago better if haven’t played any since then.
What is the retrieval failure theory?
When we store a memory we store it with a cue, if the cue isn’t present when we want to retrieve it we cant access it. It’s not about not having the information but rather than not being able to access it.
What is the encoding specific principle.
It states that for a cue to help us remember it must be there at encoding and at retrieval. If the cues at encoding and retrieval are different it will lead to some forgetting. Can be based on state or context depending cues.
Context dependent cues
Godden + Baddeley- divers learnt a list of words on land or underwater, then had to recall it on either the same or different condition. Recall was 40% lower on non matching conditions.
State dependant cues
Carter and Cassadey- told to learn a lost of words when on anti histamines or not and then had to recall on the same or different state. Recall was significantly lower when there was a mismatch between states.
Evaluation of retrieval failure theory
+lots of supporting evidence (G+B & C+C) increases validity
- Contexts have to be very different for the effect to be seen - real life applications of context dependent cues don’t explain forgetting
- When G+B replicated their experiment with recognition rather than recall no context dependant effect - shows it only affects memory when tested in a certain way.
