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Psychology A level > Psychopathology > Flashcards

Psychopathology Flashcards

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1
Q

what is cultural relativism

A

the view that behaviour cannot be judged properly unless it is viewed in the context of the culture in which it originates

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2
Q

what is deviation from ideal mental health

A

abnormality defined in terms of mental health- behaviours associated with competence and happiness. Ideal mental health would include a positive attitude towards the self, resistance to stress and an accurate perception of reality

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3
Q

what is failure to function adequately

A

people are judged on their ability to go about their daily life. if they can’t do this and are also experiencing distress (or others are distressed by their behaviour) then it is a sign of abnormality

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4
Q

what did marie jahoda do in terms of identifying ideal mental health

A

she identified 6 categories that enable an individual to feel happy and behave competently:

1) self attitude- high self esteem and strong sense of identity
2) personal growth and self actualisation (how far they develop their capabilities)
3) integration (able to cope with stress)
4) autonomy (independent and self regulating)
5) accurate perception of reality
6) mastery of the environment

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5
Q

what are phobias

A

a group of mental disorders characterised by high levels of anxiety in response to a particular stimulus or stimuli. the anxiety interferes with normal living

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6
Q

what is depression

A

a mood disorder where an individual feels sad or lacks interest in usual activities. irrational negative thoughts, raised or lowered activity levels and difficulty concentrating, sleeping or eating

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7
Q

what is ocd

A

an anxiety disorder where anxiety arises from both obsessions and compulsions. compulsions are a response to the obsessions and a person believes the compulsions will reduce anxiety

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8
Q

what are the emotional characteristics of phobias

A

fear that is marked and persistent, excessive and unreasonable
feelings of anxiety and panic cued by the anticipation or presence of a specific object or situation and are out of proportion to the actual danger posed

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9
Q

what are the behavioural characteristics of phobias

A

avoidance

freezing/fainting (fight or flight)

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10
Q

what are the cognitive characteristics of phobias

A

irrational thinking and resistance to rational arguments

the person recognises that the fear is excessive or unreasonable

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11
Q

what are the emotional characteristics of depression

A

sadness, loss of interest in normal activities, feeling empty, worthless, hopeless, low self esteem
anger-directed towards others or self

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12
Q

what are the behavioural characteristics of depression

A

shift in activity level, reduced energy, tired
some become agitated and restless
sleeping more or insomnia
reduced or increased appetite

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13
Q

what are the cognitive characteristics of depression

A

negative self concept, guilt, worthlessness, negative view of the world,

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14
Q

what are the emotional characteristics of OCD

A

anxiety and distress due to obsessions and compulsions
they are aware their behaviour is excessive which causes embarrassment and shame
obsession of germs gives rise to feelings of disgust

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15
Q

what are the behavioural characteristics of OCD

A

compulsive behaviour to reduce anxiety caused by the obsessions
feel they must complete the actions or something terrible could happen which creates anxiety

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16
Q

what are the cognitive characteristics of OCD

A

thoughts or impulses that are perceived as inappropriate or forbidden
seen as uncontrollable which creates anxiety. they recognise that the thoughts and impulses are a product of their own mind

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17
Q

who proposed the two process model explaining how phobias are learned

A

orval hobart mowrer

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18
Q

what is the two process model

A

a theory that explains the 2 processes that lead to the development of phobias- they begin through classical conditioning and are maintained through operant conditioning

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19
Q

what is classical conditioning

A

learning through association. NS consistently paired with UCS so it eventually takes on the properties of this stimulus and is able to produce a conditioned response

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20
Q

explain the role of classical conditioning in terms of the little albert case

A

UCS was a loud noise and UCR was fear. NS was white furry objects. by pairing loud noise and furry object the furry objects acquired the same properties as the UCS and fear became the CR

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21
Q

what is operant conditioning

A

learning through reinforcement or punishment. the avoidance of the phobic stimulus reduces fear and so is reinforced (negative reinforcement)

22
Q

what is the social learning theory

A

a non- behaviourist explanation. phobias may be acquired by modelling the behaviour of others

23
Q

what study did bandura and rosenthal do that supports the social learning theory

A

a model acted as if he/she was in pain every time a buzzer sounded. later on the participants who had observed this showed an emotional reaction to the buzzer, demonstrating an acquired ‘fear’ response

24
Q

what is the diathesis stress model

A

not everyone who is bitten by a dog develops a phobia (2 process model is not always accurate) diathesis stress model proposes we inherit a genetic vulnerability for developing mental disorders (dog bite would only lead to phobia in people with the vulnerability)

25
Q

explain the evaluation point for the 2 process model proposed by martin seligman about biological preparedness

A

he argued that animals are genetically programmed to associate life threatening stimuli and fear. in our evolutionary past things like snakes, heights and strangers would be life threatening which is why these things are much more common phobias than cars or toasters

26
Q

in what way does the 2 process model ignore cognitive factors

A

cognitive approach proposes that phobias develop due to irrational thinking eg someone in a lift may think ‘i could get trapped in here and die’ which creates anxiety and may trigger a phobia

27
Q

what are the 2 behavioural approaches to treating phobias

A

flooding and systematic desensitisation

28
Q

what is flooding

A

form of behavioural therapy where a client is exposed to an extreme form of the threatening situation under relaxed conditions until the anxiety reaction is extinguished

29
Q

what is systematic desensitisation

A

form of behaviour therapy where a client is gradually exposed to the threatening situation under relaxed conditions until the anxiety reaction is extinguished

30
Q

how can the effectiveness of flooding be evaluated

A

(choy et al) reported that flooding was more effective than SD. but (Craske et al) concluded that SD and flooding were equally effective

31
Q

what did ohman et al suggest about systematic desensitisation

A

may not be as effective in treating phobias that have an underling evolutionary survival component (fear of dark, heights or dangerous animals) than in treating phobias acquired due to personal experience

32
Q

explain the evaluation point for the strength of behavioural therapies for treating phobias

A

require less effort than other psychotherapies useful for people who lack insight into their motivations or emotions
can be self administered and self administered therapy has been found to be as effective as therapist guided and its cheaper

33
Q

why may it be that relaxation is not necessary in systematic desensitisation

A

it may be that the expectation of being able to cope with the feared stimulus is more important.

34
Q

what is ellis’ ABC model

A

explains how depression can be developed
A) activating event- eg get fired at work
B) belief (irrational)- i was sacked because they always had it in for me
C) consequence- irrational beliefs lead to unhealthy emotions eg depression

35
Q

what is musturbatory thinking

A

thinking that certain ideas or assumptions must be true in order for an individual to be happy if they are not the person may become depressed

1) i must be approved of or accepted by people i find important
2) i must do well or i am worhtless
3) the world must give me happiness or i will die

36
Q

what is a schema

A

a cognitive framework that helps organise and interpret information in the brain helps an individual make sense of new information

37
Q

describe the schema of a depressed person

A

acquire a negative schema during childhood- tendency to adopt a negative view of the world. the negative schemas are activated whenever the person encounters a new situation

38
Q

what is the negative triad

A

(Beck)

1) negative view of self
2) negative view of the world
3) negative view of the future

39
Q

in what way does the cognitive approach to explaining depression blame the client rather than the situational factors

A

suggests the client is responsible for their disorder. gives the client power to change the way things are. may lead the client or therapist to overlook situational factors

40
Q

ellis extended his ABC model to ABCDEF. what do DEF stand for (cognitive behaviour therapy)

A

D) disputing irrational thoughts and beliefs
E) effects of disputing and effective attitude to life
F) new feelings produced

41
Q

what is logical disputing

A

when self defeating beliefs do not follow logically from the information available (does thinking in this way make sense)

42
Q

what is empirical disputing

A

self defeating beliefs may not be consistent with reality (where is the proof that this belief is accurate)

43
Q

what is pragmatic disputing

A

emphasises the lack of usefulness of self defeating beliefs (how is this belief likely to help me)

44
Q

what is the COMT gene

A

regulates the production of the neurotransmitter dopamine that has been implicated in OCD

45
Q

what is the SERT gene

A

affects the transport of the serotonin creating lower levels of this neurotransmitter

46
Q

what is diathesis stress to do with OCD

A

each individual gene only creates a vulnerability and other factors affect what condition develops or whether any mental illness develops

47
Q

how do abnormal levels of neurotransmitters affect ocd

A

dopamine levels are abnormally high in people with ocd and lower levels of serotonin

48
Q

how do abnormal brain circuits affect ocd

A

the caudate nucleus suppresses signals from the orbitofrontal cortex so the ofc sends signals to the thalamus about things that are worrying and when the caudate nucelus is damaged it fails to suppress minor ‘worry’ signals supported by pet scans of people with ocd

49
Q

how are antidepressants SSRI’s used to treat ocd

A

increase serotonin levels which can normalise the circuit

50
Q

how do antidepressants : tricyclic’s treat ocd

A

they block the transporter mechanism that reabsorbs serotonin and noradrenaline into the pre-synaptic cell after it has fired. so more of these neurotransmitters are left in the synapse, prolonging their activity and easing transmission of the next impulse

51
Q

how do anti anxiety drugs treat ocd

A

benzodiazepines enhance the activity of the neurotransmitter GABA that has a general quietening effect on many neurons of the brain

52
Q

how can D-cycloserine treat ocd

A

it has been found to reduce anxiety so is effective especially in conjuction with psychotherapy it is an antibiotic used to treat tuberculosis and enhances transmission of GABA

Psychology A level (9 decks)

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