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Psychology A level > Attachment > Flashcards

Attachment Flashcards

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1
Q

what is reciprocity

A

responding to the action of another with a similar action,
where the actions of one partner elicit a response from the other partner. (not necessarily similar as in interactional synchrony)

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2
Q

what is interactional synchrony

A

when 2 people interact they tend to mirror what the other is doing in terms of facial and body movements

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3
Q

define attachment

A

an emotional bond between 2 people. a two way process that endured over time and leads to certain behaviours such as clinging and proximity seeking and serves the function of protecting an infant

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4
Q

what did meltzoff and moore do in their study

A

selected 4 stimuli (3 faces and a hand gesture) and observed behaviour of infants in response

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5
Q

what is a criticism of meltzoff and moore and how was it overcome

A

difficulties in reliability testing infant behaviour as their mouths/ facial expressions are in fairly constant motion so difficult to distinguish between general activity and specific imitated behaviour

m&m asked an observer who had no idea what was being imitated to judge the behaviour from videos (increased internal validity)

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6
Q

what are the 4 stages of attachment (schaffer and emerson)

A

1) indiscriminate attachments
2) the beginnings of attachment
3) discriminate attachment
4) multiple attachment

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7
Q

what is stage 1: indiscriminate attachments

A

from birth - 2 months infants produce similar responses to all objects (animate or inanimate)
they begin to show preference to social stimuli (smiling face)
reciprocity and intersectional synchrony play a role in establishing the infants relationships with others

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8
Q

what is stage 2: the beginnings of attachment

A

4 months- become more social
prefer human company to inanimate objects and can distinguish between familiar and unfamiliar people but relatively easily comforted by anyone, don’t yet show stranger anxiety

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9
Q

what is stage 3: discriminate attachment

A

begin to show separation anxiety
they have formed their primary attachment figure
begins to display stranger anxiety

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10
Q

what is stage 4: multiple attachments

A

soon after main attachment is formed infant develops multiple attachments depending on how many consistent relationships they have

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11
Q

what did frodi et al (1978) do

A

showed videotapes of infants crying and found no differences in psychological responses of men and women

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12
Q

what are the cultural differences in attachment

A

individualist culture (UK and US) each person is most concerned with their own needs and immediate family needs

collectivist culture more focused on need of community- share possessions and childcare (multiple attachments more common)

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13
Q

what did schaffer and emerson do in their study

A 
60 infants from working class homes in glasgow studied (5-23 weeks old) studied every 4 weeks until they were 1 
mothers had to report infants response to separation in 7 everyday situations and to describe intensity of any protest
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14
Q

why might schaffer and emerson’s study be unreliable

A

based on mothers reports of their infants

creates systematic bias and so challenges validity

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15
Q

what is imprinting

A

an innate readiness to develop a strong bond with the mother that takes place during a specific time in development (usually first few hours after birth)

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16
Q

what is the learning theory

A

the name given to a group of explanations (classical and operant conditioning) which explain behaviour in terms of learning rather than unborn tendencies or higher order thinking

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17
Q

what is classical conditioning

A

learning through association
a neutral stimulus is consistently paired with an unconditioned stimulus so it takes on the properties of this stimulus and is able to produce a conditioned response

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18
Q

what is operant conditioning

A

learning through reinforcement

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19
Q

what is the social learning theory

A

a further development of learning theory

learning though observing others and imitating behaviours that are rewarded

20
Q

what is continuity hypothesis

A

the idea that emotionally secure infants go on to be emotionally secure, trusting and socially confident adults

21
Q

what is the internal working model

A

a mental model of the world which enables individuals to predict and control their environment. in the case of attachment the model relates to a persons expectations about relationships

22
Q

what is monotropy

A

the idea that the one relationship that the infant has with his/her primary attachment figure is of special significance in emotional development

23
Q

what is a social releaser

A

a social behaviour or characteristic that elicits caregiving and leads to attachment

24
Q

why is rutter et al’s findings critical of bowlby

A

because rutter et al found that the critical period is important for forming attachments but it is not impossible to form attachments outside of this period which is what bowlby suggested

25
Q

what is caregiverese

A

a modified vocal language that carers use to speak to the infant

26
Q

what did lamb discover that disputes bowlby’s theory of monotropy

A

infants form multiple attachments for different purposes

27
Q

what is privation

A

when children are not given the opportunity to form attachment bonds
can negatively affect development

28
Q

what are benefits of reciprocity

A

can help the child to learn how to communicate and also teaches the parent how to care for the child and respond to their needs more quickly and efficiently

29
Q

what did schaffer and emerson discover about the role of the father

A

75% of infants formed a secondary attachment to their father in the first 18 months

30
Q

what is sexual imprinting

A

an animal will attach and display sexual behaviour towards the first moving object or animal they see after birth

31
Q

what is the ASCMI summary of bowlby’s theory of monotropic attachment

A

A- adaptive- attachments are an advantage or beneficial to survival as it ensures a child is kept warm, safe and fed
S- social releasers- unlock the innate tendency for adults to care for a child
C- critical period- attachment can form up tp 2.5-3 years old. (if an attachment is not formed in this time it never will)
M- monotroy- you can only form one special attachment
I- internal working model- those with a dysfunctional internal working model will seek out dysfunctional relationships

32
Q

what is a secure attachment

A

showed some separation anxiety when caregiver left the room but can be easily soothed when they return. able to play independantly but uses caregiver as a base to explore new environment (65%)

33
Q

what is an insecure resistant attachment

A

infant becomes very distressed when caregiver leaves and tries to follow them.when they return the infant switches from seeking and rejecting interaction and intimacy. less inclined to explore new environments (3%)

34
Q

what is an insecure avoidant attachment

A

infant shows no separation anxiety when caregiver leaves the room and no stranger anxiety. they may show anger and frustration towards caregiver and actively avoid interaction and intimacy. they can explore and play independantly

35
Q

what did van izjendoorn and kroonenburg do

A

meta analysis of 32 studies in 8 countries investigating patterns of attachment across a range of cultures

36
Q

what is imposed etic

A

when researchers study human behaviour in different parts of the world using theories and studies developed in western cultures

37
Q

what is bowlby’s theory of maternal deprivation

A

prolonged emotional deprivation would have long term consequences in terms of emotional development

38
Q

what is the difference between deprivation and privation

A

deprivation is the loss of an attachment and privation is the failure to form one in the first place

39
Q

outline bowlby’s 44 juvenile thieves study

A

out of 44 thieves, 14 displayed signs of affectionless psychopathy and 12 of these had suffered from maternal deprivation during the critical period

40
Q

what is attachment disorder

A

when some children experience disruptions of early attachments it affects their social and emotional development:

  • no preferred attachment figure
  • inability to interact and relate to others, obvious before age 5
  • experience of severe neglect or frequent change of caregiver
41
Q

what are the 2 kinds of attachment disorders

A

reactive/ inhibited - shy and withdrawn, unable to cope with most social situations
disinhibited attachment- over friendly and attention seeking

42
Q

what were the findings of tizard and hodges

A

children who remained in institutions had no strong attachments and problems relating to peers

adopted children formed strong attachments with adopted family but had problems with relationships outside family

children that returned home had poor family and peer relationships and behavioural problems

43
Q

what does the continuity hypothesis state

A

the foundations provided by the primary caregiver help build the child’s future relationships

44
Q

what did hazan and shaver find

A

a correlation between the childhood experiences of attachment and the current opinions of romantic love out of the 620 responses analysed

45
Q

what are the factors of the father-child dynamic

A

1) degree of sensitivity
2) marital intimacy
3) supportive co parenting
4) single parent fathers

Psychology A level (9 decks)

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