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Developmental Psychology > Psychopathology > Flashcards

Psychopathology Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the two approaches?

A

Clinical diagnostic

Empirical quantitative

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2
Q

Clinical diagnostic approach

A

Discrete categories defined on the basis of criteria proposed by expects (DSM-V)
Qualitative, used by professionals

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3
Q

Empirical quantitative approach

A

Assessed on a continuous scale, disorders at the extreme end of the distribution, indicates some may be more severe

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4
Q

Classification of psychopathologies

A

Internalising - depression, anxiety

Externalising - conduct problems, ADHD

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5
Q

Why are we interested in it?

A

It is a major public heath issue, 1 in 4 girls, 1 in 8 boys
Very common/prevalent - 10-25% depending on country
Early onset, 75% occur before 25
Chronic - high chance it will come back
Important period for prevention and intervention

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6
Q

How do we study nature and nurture?

A

Not possible to disentangle both but twin and adoption designs help make estimation of which

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7
Q

Twin designs

A

Compare similarity of MZ and DZ twins on a specific trait, allowing us to get a rough estimate of separate genetic and environmental contributions
MZ twins result from 1 fertilised egg, so 100% similar
DZ - 2 eggs, 50% similar

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8
Q

What are the components of phenotypic variation

A

Heritability H2 or A - genes
Shared environment C, c2 - only environmental influences that contribute to similarity of twins
Non shared environment E e2 - only aspect of environment that makes twins different

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9
Q

Why we study nature and nurture?

A

Need to understand origins and cause, to then identify who would be predicted to get it, treatment, prevention and risk reduction interventions

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10
Q

What is the equation for phenotypic variation?

A

P = H2 + C2 + E2

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11
Q

How to estimate H?

A

2(rMZ - rDZ)

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12
Q

How to estimate C?

A

rMZ - h2

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13
Q

How to estimate E?

A

1-rMZ

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14
Q

ACE model

A

ACE all explain the variance in a trait

components can be measured using structural model fitting analyses

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15
Q

What disorders are highly heritable?

A 
Bipolar
Schizophrenia
Alzeimers
Cocaine
Anerexia 
Substance use: drugs, cannibis, alcohol
ADHD - 90%
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16
Q

What disorders aren’t highly heritable?

A

Panic disorder
Anxiety
Depression - 30%

Nothing is 100% heritable, always some environmental input

17
Q

What does heterogeneity of psychopathologies refer too

A

One psychopathology with loads of subtypes

18
Q

Subtypes of anti social behaviour

A

Some children show callous unemotional traits (lacking guilt, empathy and shallow affect)

19
Q

Study investigating callous unemotional traits

A

Using ACE, identified AB, CU+ and AB, CU-
Results: AB/CU+ is highly heritable - 80%
AB, CU- isn’t as high, 30% genes, 36% non shared and 34% shared environment

Findings confirmed when children were 12, CU+ leads to negative outcomes, low achievement and peer problems

20
Q

What does comorbidity mean?

A

2 disorders at the same time

21
Q

What disorders occur at the same time?

A

Depression and anxiety
ADHD and language, conduct problems
Reading disability and maths disability

22
Q

What does comorbidity suggest?

A

Common factors between disorders

23
Q

What are the genetic factors that contribute to anxiety and depression?

A

1, meaning all genetic factors are the same contributing

50% is environment, whether they get the disorder depends on their environment

24
Q

What is genetic variation?

A

This contributes to individual differences in behaviour traits, human genome is built with 3 billion pairs, 20-25,000 genes. More than 99% of DNA is the same for everyone, only 1% is variable

25
Q

Have they found regions of DNA which vary between people?

A

No, the search is still in progress

26
Q

What are polygenic traits?

A

When psychopathologies are influenced by more than one genetic variant
Each genetic variant is additive to the others: more specific genes = higher risk

27
Q

What are psychopathologies?

A

Polygenic - multiple genes

Multifactorial - environment

Developmental Psychology (20 decks)

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