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Developmental Psychology > Adolescence > Flashcards

Adolescence Flashcards

1
Q

What is adolescence?

A

Growing up period between childhood and maturity from ages 10-20

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2
Q

What are the major tasks of adolescence?

A

adjusting to changing body size and shape
coming to terms with sexuality
adjusting to new ways of thinking
strive for emotional maturity and economic independence of adulthood

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3
Q

What is the historical context of puberty?

A

Age of puberty has declined dramatically after last few hundred years
eg. Norway - 1840: mean age of period was 17, today 13

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4
Q

Why has puberty declined?

A

Increased standard of living: nutrition, health, heredity (identical twins start period within 1 month of each other) and body mass (hit puberty when 7.5 stone)

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5
Q

How long does puberty last?

A

7 year range for the onset

full process lasts about 4 years

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6
Q

Which gender does puberty begin earlier for?

A

2-3 years earlier for girls than boys

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7
Q

What happens when people go through puberty?

A

Average growth spurt of 10 inches, and 40 pounds (3 stone almost)
marked changes in hormone (testosterone and estradiol) levels

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8
Q

What are the psychological aspects to puberty?

A

Body image - least satisfaction during puberty
Girls less satisfied than boys
Increased hormone levels related to change in mood:
males = increases anger and irritability
females = increases anger and depression
(may not be hormones causing mood, could be life becoming more challenging)
People who develop earlier are the least satisfied

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9
Q

What are the three hypothesis about pubertal timing?

A

Stressful change hypothesis
Off time hypothesis
Early timing hypothesis

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10
Q

What is the stressful change hypothesis?

A

The intrinsic stress of pubertal change will cause stress during the period of most rapid change

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11
Q

What is the off time hypothesis?

A

Events encountered earlier or later will cause additional distress

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12
Q

What is the early timing hypothesis?

A

Early maturation may cause inappropriate maturity demands from others, causing distress

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13
Q

Caspi and Moffitt - girls at puberty

A

Set out to test the 3 hypothesis, looking at behavioural problems (anti social, aggression, anxiety, attention problems, weird behaviour) due to age of period. Large scale sample from New Zealand

Results: supports the early timing hypothesis, at age 13 and 15 it was the girls who hit the period at age 12 or younger who had the most problems

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14
Q

If the stressful change hypothesis was true, when would girls show the most problems?

A

For age 13 problems - it would be the girls who hit period at age 13 who showed most problems
Age 15 - girls who hit their period at age 15 would show most problems

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15
Q

If the off time hypothesis was true, when would girls show the most problems?

A

Age 13 problems- girls who hit period at 12 or younger would show most problems
Age 15 problems - girls who hit period at age 15 who show most problems

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16
Q

If the early timing hypothesis was true, when would girls show the most problems?

A

At both ages, it would be the girls who hit period at age 12 or younger who showed most problems

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17
Q

Pubertal timing: girls

A

Dislike maturing early, those who do tend to be less sociable, have poor body image, lower self-esteem, engage in risky behaviours (try to get more attention from boys) and reach lower levels of educational attainment

18
Q

Pubertal timing: boys

A

Like maturing early, gain in self-esteem, more popular, likely to be leaders, good natured, may hold a cognitive advantage
but more cautious, bound by rules and routines

late matures are more dependent, insecure, aggressive and more likely to rebel against parents

19
Q

What are the two competing theories about parent child relationships?

A

Adolescents individuate from their parents, becoming more emotionally and behaviourally independent

The parent-child relationship changes over adolescence, leading to psychological independence with continued connectedness

20
Q

Larson et al 1996

A

220 adolescents form Chicao, date from 5th grade - 10 yr olds and 12th grade - 18 yr olds. Reported lots of different interactions

total time with family is 33% in 5th grade, falling to 15% by 12th grade. time spent one on one with fathers and mothers remains constant

time spent with siblings alone, family group and extended family all decreases

older adolescents spending less than half time with family than younger, but time alone didn’t decrease

21
Q

What effect does time spent with family members have?

A

No correlation between time spent with family members and quality of relationships

22
Q

What has caused the decline in time spent with family?

A

External factors to family: having a job, driving, peer activities

23
Q

How do boys and girls change in terms of their positivity?

A

Boys - start out positive, then a dip at grade 7-8, then go positive again
Girls - start out positive, dip form grade 7-8, continue to dip for grade 9-10, then finally upturn at 11-12

24
Q

What conclusions did Larson et al come up with?

A

Evidence for transformation and disengagement in daily interactions

disengagement - large decrease in time spent due to external factors rather than strive within the family

continuity/transformation - adolescents continued to spend time with each parent alone and talking did not decrease. transformation in affect mirrors previous research

25
Q

Has parenting changed?

A

Gardner et al - 1986-2006 - More parents monitor their adolescents closely and more parents have high expectations of their children’s behaviour

anti social behaviour has increased, but parents are doing more now than ever

26
Q

What plays a role in provoking identity development in adolescents?

A

Puberty and cognitive development - allow self-reflection

27
Q

What are the three research traditions about how identity develops?

A

Self esteem - how good of a person you are
Self concept - understanding of yourself under domains
Identity formation - who am I , what do I want to do with my life

28
Q

Self esteem: James’ approach

A

High self esteem results from good performance in things which are important
Highest correlation for physical appearance - if you think you look good, you have the highest self esteem

29
Q

Self esteem: Cooley’s approach

A

High self esteem results from how others view you - self opinions of others are a large determinant of self-esteem

classmates and parents are the most important

30
Q

What is the developmental of self-concept?

A

Shift from concete to abstract self portaits - I’m good at everything - I’m good at football
shift from social comparisons to internalised standards in adolescence (how you want to be yourself)
shift towards differentiation of self into multiple domains - I can be good at one thing but not everything
integration of multiple selves into a unified self-concept

31
Q

Imagined selves

A

Adolescents can distinguish between actual and real ideal selves
Balance between ideal and feared self
True versus false self - dependent on audience
Identity formation - describing self in terms of attributes

32
Q

Erik Erikson

A

Departed from Freud by emphasising societal factors in development
Looked at psychosocial development across the life span. there are 8 stages, each with a specific crisis to resolve

33
Q

What is the major crisis in adolescence?

A

Identity - confidence in ones inner continuity and change

34
Q

When must men and women achieve a stable identity?

A

Men - before intimacy

Women - after intimacy, defined through the roles of wife and mother

35
Q

What are Marcia’ 4 identity statuses?

A 
Depends on whether the person has had a crises and committed to identity:
Identity achievement
Moratorium
Foreclosure
Identity diffusion
36
Q

Identity achievement

A

after a period of exploration, emerge with firm identity commitments
had a crisis, then had a commitment

37
Q

Moratorium

A

active period of exploration when individuals examine alternatives in an attempt to arrive at a choice - still in crisis, no commitment

38
Q

Foreclosure

A

adopted identities prescribed by parents or other authority figures without ever exploring options or experiencing an identity crisis

39
Q

Identity diffusion

A

individuals have little sense of commitment and are not actively seeking to make decisions

40
Q

What influences identity?

A

Parental influences: attachment with freedom to voice opinions - achievement or moratorium
overly close bonds without separation - foreclosure
low warmth, open communication - diffusion

cultural/historical influences - historical events can alter course

Developmental Psychology (20 decks)

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