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Psychopathology Flashcards

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1
Q

Define psychopatholgy

A

Study of the nature, development, and treatment of psychological disorders

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2
Q

What 5 things can be used to define psychopathology?

A
  1. Deviation from statistical norm
  2. Deviation from social norm
  3. Maladaptive behaviour
  4. Distress and Impairment
  5. Wakefield’s dysfunction
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3
Q

What problems exist with deviations from the statistical norm?

A
  • Do not necessarily imply dysfunction

- Terminology labels individuals as ‘abnormal’

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4
Q

What is the problems with deviations from the social nerve?

A
  • Different cultures have different perceptions of what is socially acceptable
  • Behaving in non-socially acceptable way does not mean psychopathology
  • Stigmatise individuals not conforming to social norms
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5
Q

How did the Soviet Union misuse diagnosis?

A

Included symptoms such as “reform delusions” as indicators of schizophrenia

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6
Q

What is ataque de nervios?

A
  • Disorder prevalent in Dominican Republic/Puerto Rico
  • Syntoms of: trembling, crying, screaming, panic attacks and verbal/physical aggression
  • Predominantly women over the age of 45
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7
Q

How is distress modified by culture?

A

Expression of a disorder is formed by the social

and cultural norms within that cultural group

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8
Q

What is the maladaptive behaviour definition of psychopathology?

A

Whether behaviour renders someone incapable of living their daily life

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9
Q

What is Wakefields dysfunction?

A
  • a disorder exists when evolutionary formed mental functions are impaired
  • dysfunction impacts negatively on the well being of the individual, social counterpart, or society
  • combines scientific study with cultural factors
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10
Q

What are the 4 characteristics of a mental disorder?

A
  • emotional distress
  • disability
  • violation of social norms
  • wakefield’s dysfunction
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11
Q

What is statistical rarity in psychopathology?

A

From any given set of symptoms that could constitute a diagnosis, most people should have very few, and a few people should have very many

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12
Q

What does DSM stand for?

A

Diagnostic & Statistical Manual

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13
Q

What does the DSM-5 provide?

A
  • Essential Features of the Disorder
  • Associated Features
  • Diagnostic Criteria
  • Information on Differential Diagnosis
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14
Q

What does the DSM-5 give as diagnostic criteria for psychopathology?

A
  • clinically significant behavioral or psychological syndrome or pattern that occurs in an individual
  • coupled with: present distress or increased risk of suffering from death, pain or disability
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15
Q

What are the problems with psychopathology diagnosis?

A
  • not classified according to cause
  • labelling can be stigmatising/harmful
  • defines disorders as discrete entities when they are rarely so (comorbidity)
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16
Q

What is the demonology cause of psychopathology?

A

Idea that fallen angels/demons can possess individuals

17
Q

What are the criteria for possession?

A
  • loss/lack of appetite
  • cutting/scratching of skin
  • unnatural body positions
  • frenzy/rage/violent reactions to religious objects
18
Q

What is general paresis?

A
  • Psychological decline associated with syphilis
  • Treatment of syphilis with penicillin treats psychological symptoms
  • biological approach
19
Q

What are the problems with the medical definition of psychopathology?

A
  • Not all disorders have a physical cause

- Physical changes can be brought about by psychological effects of stress (cortisol is neurotoxic)

20
Q

What are the 3 main biological treatments?

A
  • Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)
  • Prefrontal lobotomy
  • Medication
21
Q

What are the effects of neuroleptic antipsychotica?

A
  • Relaxing
  • Gives emotional stability but also indifference
  • Psychomotor slowing
22
Q

What are the basic assumptions of psychoanalysis?

A
  1. 3 psychological forces (id, ego and superego)
  2. Defense mechanisms
  3. Contributions of unconscious and childhood experience
23
Q

What are behavioural models of psychoanalysis?

A
  • Idea that psychopathology is often learnt through
    reactions to life experiences
  • Based on principles of conditioning
24
Q

Who developed operant conditioning?

A

Thorndike

25
Q

What are laws of operant conditioning?

A

responses that produce a satisfying effect in a particular situation become more likely to occur again, while responses that produce a discomforting effect are less likely to be repeated

26
Q

What are the problems with punishment?

A
  • behaviour is not unlearnt, only suppressed, and returns when punishment is not present
  • results in increased aggression
  • does not guide towards desired behaviour
27
Q

What is the cognitive model?

A

Developed by Albert Ellis, where all serious emotional problems result from:

  • Irrational beliefs
  • Dysfunctional thinking
  • Information processing bias
28
Q

What does rational emotive therapy focus on?

A

Correcting dysfunctional cognitions, self-instructions and self/others evaluations

29
Q

What is the philosophical background of RET?

A
  • Responsible hedonism (prioritising long term pleasure)
  • Humanism acts and performances, not worth, should be criticised
  • Rationality and goal-directed behaviour
30
Q

What is the ABC schema?

A
  • Activating event
  • Belief system
  • Consequences
31
Q

What should RET result in?

A
  • unconditional self-acceptance
  • unconditional other-acceptance
  • unconditional life-acceptance
32
Q

What are humanistic/existential approaches?

A

(Carl Rogers) Resolve through:

  • Insight
  • Personal development
  • Self-actualisation
33
Q

What is incongruence?

A

feelings of depression and unhappiness caused by not living the life we are capable and destined by nature to live

34
Q

What does the actualisation tendency include?

A
  • authenticity
  • autonomy
  • internal locus of evaluation
35
Q

What are the humanistic and existential approaches?

A
  • unconditional positive self-regard
  • process of living
  • relatedness
  • openess to inner and outer experience
  • therapist should show empathy and unconditional positive regard

psych (27 decks)

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