Depression Flashcards
What are the 2 types of depression?
- Unipolar/Major
2. Bipolar
What is the difference between unipolar and bipolar depression?
Bipolar punctuated by periods of mania
What are the 4 main characteristics of clinical depression?
- Psychological symptoms - feelings of sadness and hopelessness
- Motivational deficits
- Physical symptoms - sleep loss, weight gain/loss
- Cognitive symptoms - memory deficits, executive deficits
What is the difference between bipolar I and bipolar II?
Bipolar I has wider range and is more common
What is schizoaffective disorder?
- Uninterrupted period of illness concurrent with major mood episode and hallucinations/dellusions
- Can be bipolar or depressive
Name 4 types of dellusions
- Grandeur
- Persecution
- Control
- Reference
Define hallucinations
Perception in the absence of external stimulation or
sensory input
What are the 4 biological factors of depression?
- Genetic (concordance of monozygotic twins)
- Neurochemical
- Brain anormalities
- Neuroendocrine
What are 2 behavioural theories of depression?
- Behavioural factors
2. Cognitive factors
What neurotransmitters is depression associated with?
Low levels of serotonin and noradrenaline
Name 3 drug treatments of depression
- Tricyclic drugs
- SSRIs
- Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors
What brain anormalities are associated with depression?
- Prefrontal Cortex • Anterior Cingulate Cortex • Hippocampus • Amygdala • Cerebellum and being an edgelord
How is cortisol associated with depression?
- Found in high levels
- Permanent release of cortisol is harmful, because it is
neurotoxic and can lead to atrophic changes of the brain
What are behavioural theories of depression?
Focus on lack of learning to deal with situations
What is the Negative Cognitions & Self -Schema theory?
Proposed by Beck
- Depression is maintained through negative schemas
- Negative views of self, future and world
What is the learned helplessness theory?
Seligman - following unavoidable negative life events making individuals depressed, derived from animal behaviour
What are attributional styles?
Depressed individuals tend to attribute negative events to causes that cannot easily be changed or manipulated
What is the main treatment for bipolar disorder?
- lithium carbonate
What is social skills training?
Addresses an individualʼs inability to communicate and socialize appropriately
What is behavioural activation therapy?
- Increasing a patients access to pleasant events and rewards
- Monitoring of pleasant/unpleasant events
- Social skills and time management training
What is cognitive therapy?
(Developed by Beck)
- Identify negative beliefs
- Replace with adaptive and rational beliefs
What are 6 suicide risk factors?
- History of attempts
- Psychopathology diagnosis
- Feelings of hopelessness
- Poor physical health/disability
- Family difficulties
- Life stresses
Define self-harm
Defined as ‘an expression of personal distress, usually
made in private’
