Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Psychology > Psychopathology > Flashcards

Psychopathology Flashcards

1
Q

What are the four definitions of abnormality?

A

Statistical infrequency
Deviation from social norms
Failure to function adequately
Deviation from ideal mental health

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is the definition of statistical infrequency

A

Numerically unusual behaviour or characteristics

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Evaluation of statistical infrequency

A

Real world application - useful in diagnosis and assessment
Unusual characteristics can be positive - high IQ isn’t bad

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is the definition of deviation from social norms

A

Social judgements about what is acceptable

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Deviation from social norms evaluation

A

Real world application - diagnose disorders like antisocial and schizotypical personality disorder
Cultural and situational relativism - different standards, therefore hard to make social judgements

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is the definition of failure to function adequately

A

Inability t cope with the demands of everyday life.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Failure to function adequately evaluation

A

Represents a threshold for help - provides a way to identity when someone needs professional help
Discrimination and social control - may lead people to living non-standard lifestyles being judged as abnormal.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is the definition of deviation from ideal mental health

A

Lack of symptoms, rationality, self-actualisation, coping with stress, realistic world view.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Evaluation of deviation from ideal mental health

A

A comprehensive definition - includes most of the reasons anyone might seek help
May be culture bound - some ideas are specific to US/European chutes, and independence varies within European cultures

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What are the behavioural characteristic of phobias.

A

Panic - screaming or running away
Avoidance - conscious effort to avoid
Endurance - may stay and bear it

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are the emotional characteristics of phobias

A

Anxiety - unpleasant state of high auroral, disproportionate to threat.
Fear - short-lasting, more intense
Emotional response is unreasonable/disproportionate to threat

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What are the cognitive characteristics of phobias

A

Selective attention - cannot look away
Irrational beliefs - unfounded beliefs.
Cognitive distortion - unrealistic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is the two process model

A

Acquire phobia by classical conditioning
Maintain the phobia by operant conditioning

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is the behavioural explanation of phobias

A

The two process model by Mowrer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Evaluation for the behaviourist explanation of phobias

A

Real world application - phobias successfully treated by preventing avoidance, as suggested by the two process model
Cognitive aspect of phobias - fails to account for the cognitive aspects of phobias like irrational fears
Phobias and traumatic experiences - 73% of people,e with a dental phobia had past trauma, in control group with no phobia only 21% had a trauma
Counterpoint - not all cases of phobias follow bad experiences and vice versa.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is systematic desensitisation

A

A treatment for phobias where a patient is exposed to more anxiety inducing stimuli

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is the anxiety hierarchy

A

A list of situations ranged for how much anxiety they produce

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What does systematic desensitisation include?

A

Being taught relaxation techniques like breathing
Expose to phobic stimulus whilst relaxed at each level of the anxiety hierarchy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is the evaluation of Systematic desensitisation

A

Evidence of effectiveness - more effective than relaxation alone after 33 months. Effective for a range of phobias
People with learning disabilities - SD is the best, cognitive therapy requires rational thought and flooding is traumatic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is flooding and how does it work?

A

Exposes a client to frightening situations without a build up
Works by extinction of the conditioned fear response

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Evaluation of flooding

A

Cost effective - clinically effective and not expensive, only take 1-3 sessions
Traumatic - rated as more stressful than SD. Lack of informed consent and higher attrition rates

22
Q

What are the two treatments for phobias

A

Systematic desensitisation and flooding

23
Q

What are the behavioural characteristics of depression

A

Activity levels - lethargy of agitation
Disruption to sleep/eating - increased or decreased
Aggression and self harm, irritability

24
Q

What are the emotional characteristics of depression

A

Lowered mood
Anger towards self and others, leading to behavioural change
Lowered self esteem and self loathing a

25
What are the cognitive characteristics of depression
Poor concentration - difficulty making decisions Attending to and dealing on negative - half-empty glass instead of half-full Absolutist thinking - black and white
26
What are the cognitive explanations of depression
Beck’s theory Ellis’s ABC model
27
What is becks theory
Faulty information processing Negative self schema The negative triad
28
What is faulty information processing
Attending to the negative aspects of a situation
29
What is a negative self schema
Negative information about ourselves is accessed whenever we encounter a self-relevant situation
30
What is the negative triad
Negative views of the world, the self, and the future
31
Evaluation of becks theory
Research support - shows cognitive vulnerability precedes depression Real world application - indemnify cognitive vulnerability to screen those at risk of depression target vulnerabilities in CBT
32
What is the A in the ABC model
Activating event - negative life event that triggers an irrational response
33
What is the B in the ABC model
Beliefs - lead us to overreact to the activating event
34
What is the C in the ABC model
Consequences - depression results when we overreact to negative life events
35
Evaluation of Ellis’s ABC model
Real world application - irrational thoughts can be identified and challenged by a therapist Reactive and endogenous depression - only explains reactive depression, not explain cases that do not follow an activating event
36
What is becks cognitive therapy
Aims to identify negative thought and challenge them
37
What is Ellis’s REBT
Rational emotive behavioural therapy ABC + D (dispute) + E (effect) Aims to identify and challenge irrational beliefs through empirical argument
38
What is behavioural activation
Encouraging the depressed person to engage in enjoyable activites.
39
Evaluation of CBT
Evidence for effectiveness - CBT is as effective as antidepressants, most effective combined with CBT Suitability for diverse clients - may not be suitable for severe cases of depression or for people with learning disabilities Counterpoint - newer evidence suggests CBT is as effective as drugs of behavioural therapies and ok for learning disabilities Relapse rates - benefits for short-term, 42% relapsed after 6 months and 53% within a year.
40
What are the behavioural characteristics of OCD
Compulsions are repetitive Compulsions re preformed to reduce anxiety Avoid situations that trigger anxiety
41
What are the emotional characteristics of ODC
Anxiety and distress created by compulsions/obsessions Accompanying depression Guilt and disgust - directed at something such as dirt or oneself
42
What are the cognitive characteristics of OCD
Obsessive thoughts Cognitive coping strategies Insight into excessive anxiety - may influence catastrophic thoughts
43
What are the biological explanations of OCD
Genetic and neural explanations
44
What is the genetic explanation of OCD
Candidate genes Polygenic Diathesis stress model
45
What does the genetic explanations state
There may be certain genes involved in producing symptoms of OCD, different combinations of 230 genes (polygenic). Different combinations of genes may cause different kinds of OCD
46
What is the diathesis stress model
Some genes leave people more likely to develop OCD. Environment sometimes trigger OCD
47
Evaluation of genetic explanations of OCD
Research support - 68% MZ twins and 31% DZ twins have OCD. 4x more likely if family member has it Environmental risk factors - over half OCD clients in one sample experienced a traumatic event, and OCD was more severe
48
What is the neural explanation of OCD
Low levels of serotonin linked to OCD Frontal loves and parahippocampal gyrus may be malfunctioning
49
Evaluation of neural explanations of OCD
Research support - Antidepressants work on the serotonin system alleviate OCD, biological conditions have similar symptoms to OCD No unique neural system - the apparent serotonin-OCD link may be co-morbidity with depression - disruptions serotonin
50
What is the drug therapy to treat OCD
SSRI’s - antidepressants that increase serotonin at the synapse (fluoxetine)
51
When are SSRI’s effective
When combined with CBT and other drugs
52
Evaluation os drug therapy for treating OCD
Evidence for effectiveness - 17studies showed SSRI’s more effective than placebos Counterpoint - psychological therapies alone are likely to be more effective than SSRI’s Cost effective and non disruptive - relatively cheap for NHS and don’t involve time spent going to therapy sessions Serious side effects - SSRI may lead to indigestion, blurred vision and loss of sex drive

Psychology (11 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions