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Attachment Flashcards

1
Q

What is reciprocity

A

Turn taking
Mothers respond when baby is alert
From 3 months becomes more intense and reciprocal

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2
Q

What are caregiver-infant interactions

A

Babies and caregivers have frequent and important interactions

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3
Q

What is interactional synchrony

A

Same actions simultaneously
Interactions co-ordinated from two weeks
Quality of attachment related to synchrony

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4
Q

Caregiver infant interaction evaluation

A

Filmed observations - capture fine detail, can establish inter-rater reliability and babies not aware being observed
Difficulty observing babies - hard to know meaning of small movements
Developmental importance - observable behaviour doesn’t tell us about its importance in development
Counterpoint - evidence from Isabella et al suggests interactions synchrony is important for attachment

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5
Q

What are the stages of attachment

A

Asocial stage
Indiscriminate stage
Specific attachments
Multiple attachments

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6
Q

What is the asocial stage

A

First few weeks, same response to humans and objects

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7
Q

What is the indiscriminate stage

A

2-7 months, preference for familiar people. No stranger/separation anxiety

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8
Q

What is the specific attachment stage

A

Stranger and separation anxiety in regard to one particular adult (PCG) (65% mother)

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9
Q

What is the multiple attachment stage

A

Soon after specific attachment behaviour directed to more than one adult (SCG)

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10
Q

What was Schaffer and Emerson’s research

A

60 working class mothers in Glasgow
Reported on separation and stranger anxiety of their babies
Found that babies attachment behaviour progressed as the 4 stages of attachment

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11
Q

Evaluation of Schaffer’s stages of attachment

A

Good external validity - mothers did the observing so babies not stressed
Counterpoint - mothers may have noted the behaviour inaccurately
Poor evidence for the asocial stage - babies have poor coordination so may just seem asocial
Real world application - no harm in starting day care during asocial/indiscriminate stage but problematic when in specific attachments stage

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12
Q

What is the role of the father

A

Distinct role in play and stimulation

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13
Q

What is the role of fathers as the PCG

A

More responsive than secondary caregiver fathers.

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14
Q

What are the rates of attachment to fathers

A

Most babies attachment to their father (75% at 18 months) but rarely as the first attachment (3%)

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15
Q

Role of the father evaluation

A

Confusion over research questions - competing research questions prevent simple answer about the fathers role
Conflicting evidence - studies have reached different conclusions about a distinctive role for fathers
Counterpoint - father may be predisposed to a role but single mothers and lesbian parents simply take on these roles
Real world application - families can be advised on the fathers role in attachment

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16
Q

What is the learning theory of attachment

A

Classical and operant condition lead to attachment through feeding

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17
Q

How does classical conditioning lead to attachment

A

Caregiver (neutral stimulus) associated with food (unconditioned stimulus)
Caregiver becomes conditioned stimulus

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18
Q

How does operant conditioning lead to attachment

A

Crying behaviour reinforced positively for baby and negatively for caregiver

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19
Q

How does attachment become a secondary drive

A

Attachment becomes associated with hunger

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20
Q

Evaluation for Learning theory of attachment

A

Counter evidence from animal studies - Lorenz and Harlow showed that feeding is not the key to attachment
Counter evidence from human studies - primary attachment figure not always person who does feeding, quality of attachment related to interactional synchrony not feeding
Some conditioning may be involved - conditioning may influence the choice of primary attachment figure
Counterpoint - babies are more active in attachment than conditioning suggests

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21
Q

What was lorenz’s research

A

Goslings saw Lorenz when they hatched
Found that they attached to the first moving thing they saw

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22
Q

What is sexual imprinting

A

Adult birds try to mate with whatever species or object they imprint on.

23
Q

Evaluation for lorenz’s research

A

Research support - Regolin and Vallortigara observed chicks imprint on moving shapes
Generalisability to humans - attachment styles in birds are less complicit and not two way

24
Q

What was Harlow’s research

A

Baby monkeys given cloth covered or plain wire mother with a feeding bottle
Found that monkeys clung to the cloth surrogate rather than wire one regardless of food.

25
How did the monkeys grow up in harlow’s research
Grew up socially dysfunctional
26
What is the critical period for normal development
After 90 days, attachments didn’t form
27
Evaluation of harlow’s research
Real world value - helps professionals to promote bonding, also applied to zoos and breeding programmes Generalisability to humans - monkeys more similar to humans but the human mind and behaviour are more complex.
28
What is bowlbys theory of attachment
Monotony, social realisers and critical period, internal working model
29
What is monotropy
One particular attachment is different in quality and importance than others
30
What are social releasers
Innate cute behaviours that elicit care
31
What is bowlbys critical period
Critical period up to 6 months, possibly extending to 2 years
32
What is the internal working model
Mental representation of primary attachment relationship is a template for future relationships
33
Evaluation of bowlbys theory of attachment
Validity of monotropy challenged - the primary attachment may be stronger but not different in nature Support for social releasers - babies became upset when PCG engorged social releasers Support for internal working model - quality of attachment is passes through generations Counterpoint - ignores other genetic factors in social behaviour and parenting
34
What was the procedure of the strange situations
7 stage controlled observations Assesses proximity seeking, exploration and secure base, stranger and separation anxiety, response to reunion
35
What were the findings of the strange situation
3 types of attachment, secure, avoidant and resistant
36
What is a secure attachment
Enthusiastic greeting, generally content, moderate anxiety
37
What is the insecure avoidant attachment
Avoids reunion, generally reduced responses
38
What is the insecure resistant attachment
Resists reunion, more distressed
39
Evaluation of the types of attachment
Good predictive validity - attachment types predicts later social behaviour like school success or bullying Counterpoint - behaviour could be due to genetically influence anxiety levels Good reliability - 94% agreement between observers Culture bound - developed in GB and US, other cultures have different experiences that affect behaviour
40
What are the cultural variations of attachment
Compared rates of attachment in 8 countries. Found that attachment appears to be innate and universal and secure attachment is the normal
41
Evaluation of cultural variations of attachment
Indigenous researchers - reduced bias and miscommunication with participants Counterpoint - not true of all cross cultural studies Confounding variable - apparent culture differences due to sample characteristics or environment differences Imposed ethic - behaviours in the strange situation have different meanings in different cultures
42
What is bowlbys theory of maternal deprivation
Early separation causes a negative effect on a babies social and emotional development
43
What’s the difference between separation and deprivation
Physical separation only leads to deprivation when the child loses emotional care
44
What is the critical period of maternal deprivation
The first 2.5 years are critical and deprivation at this time causes damage
45
What is the effect of maternal deprivation of development
Causes low IQ and affectionless psychopathy
46
Evaluation of bowlbys theory of maternal deprivation
Flawed evidence - bowlby may have been a biased observer, other studies have confounding variables Counterpoint - research with rats showed deprivation can cause harm to social development Deprivation and privation - some of the 44 thieves may have been ‘prived’ meaning deprivation was less damaging Critical vs sensitive period - Czech twins recovery suggests its a sensitive period
47
What is the research into institutionalisation and Romanian orphan studies
Rutter et al’s research - ERA project studies 165 Romanian orphans adopted in the UK. Low IQ and disinhibited attachment Zeanah et al’s research - BEI found secure attachment in 19% of institutional group (74% in control), disinhibited attachment in 44%(20% in control)
48
What are the effects of institutionalisation
Disinhibited attachment and delay in intellectual development if conditions after the sensitive period of attachment
49
Evaluation of Romanian orphans adopted studies
Real world application - both institutional and adoption care have been improved using lessons from Romanian orphans. Fewer confounding variables - Romanian orphans had fewer negative influences before institutionalisation than war orphans Counterpoint - especially poor conditions could be a confounding variable Lack of adult data - we don’t know the effects of institutional care on adult development
50
How does attachment influence later relationships
Secure attachment in children have better friendships and less likely to be involved in bullying. Secure adults have better and long lasting relationships ships . Avoidant = fear of intimacy
51
What is the internal working model
Primary attachment relationship provides a template for later relationships
52
How do mothers influence babies attachment
Mothers and babies usually have the same attachment type as mothers influence the babies attachment
53
Evaluation of the influence of early attachment on later relationships
Research support - review showed consistent links, disorganised type and mental disorder Counterpoint - longitudinal study no continuity in attachment types from 1-16 years old Validity issues - self report is not always honest and assumes that attachment types had remained the same into adulthood Confounding variables - associations between attachment types ad development may be due to parenting style or genes

Psychology (11 decks)

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