Memory

Question 1

Who did research into coding?

Answer 1

Baddeley

Question 2

How is the STM coded

Answer 2

Acoustically

Question 3

How is the LTM coded

Answer 3

Semantically

Question 4

Evaluation of research into coding

Answer 4

Separate memory stores - identify STM and LTM separate, support MSM
Artificial stimuli - word lists had no personal meaning

Question 5

What is the capacity of the STM

Answer 5

9.3 digits, 7.3 letters
7+/-2

Question 6

Evaluation of capacity of the STM

Answer 6

A valid study - later studies replicated findings so valid test of digit span
Not so Many chunks - miller overestimated the STM, only 4 chunks

Question 7

What is the duration of the STM

Answer 7

18 seconds without rehearsal

Question 8

What is the duration of the LTM

Answer 8

Infinite, Bahrick et al, year book face recognition after 15 years 90%.
After 48 years, 70%

Question 9

Evaluation for duration of memory

Answer 9

Meaningless stimuli in STM - Peterson used consonant syllables, lacks external validity.
High external validity - bahrick et al used meaningful materials, better recall than studies with meaningless stimuli.

Question 10

What is the sensory register

Answer 10

Modality-specific coding. Very brief duration. Transfer to STM though attention

Question 11

Who created the MSM

Answer 11

Atkinson and Shiffrin 1971

Question 12

Evaluation of the MSM

Answer 12

Research support - shows the LTM and STM use different coding and have different capacity.
Counterpoint - studies do not use everyday materials, low validity
More than one STM store - studies of amnesia show different STM for visual and auditory material.
Elaborating rehearsal - transfer to LTM is mroe about elaboration than maintenance rehearsal.

Question 13

What are the three types of LTM

Answer 13

Episodic memory
Semantic memory
Procedural memory

Question 14

Evaluation for the different types of LTM

Answer 14

Clinical evidence - Clive Wearing and HM had damaged episodic memories but semantic and procedural memories were fine
Counterpoint - clinical studies lack control of variables
Conflicting neuroimaging evidence - research links semantics left prefrontal cortex and episodic to right
Real world application - old-age memory loss improved by intervention to target episodic memories

Question 15

What is the central executive

Answer 15

Supervisory, allocated subsystems to tasks, limited capacity

Question 16

What is the phonological loop

Answer 16

Auditory information - phonological store and articulatory process.

Question 17

What is the Visio-spatial sketchpad (VSS)

Answer 17

Visual information - visual cache (store) and inner scribe (spatial arrangement). Coding = visual, capacity = 3/4 objects

Question 18

What is the episodic buffer

Answer 18

Integrates data from subsystems and record the order of events. Linked to LTM.

Question 19

Evaluation of the WMM

Answer 19

Clinical evidence - KF had poor auditory memory but good visual memory. Damaged PL by VSS fine
Counterpoint - KF may have other impairments that affected his WM
Dual task performance - difficult to do two visual or verbal tasks at the same time. One visual and one verbal okay. Different stores.
Nature of CE - not well specified, needs more attention

Question 20

What are the two explanations for forgetting?

Answer 20

Interference and retrieval failure

Question 21

What is proactive interference

Answer 21

Old memories disrupt new ones

Question 22

What is retroactive interference

Answer 22

New memories disrupt old ones

Question 23

Evaluation for interference

Answer 23

Real world interference - rugby players remembered less if played more games over a season.
Counterpoint - interference unusually in everyday situations
Interference and cues - interference can be overcome by using cues
Support from drug studies - diazepam after learning reduces interference and forgetting = retrograde facilitation

Question 24

What is the encoding specificity principle

Answer 24

Cues are most effective if present as coding and retrieval.
Link between cues and material may be meaningful or meaningless

Question 25

What is context dependant forgetting

Answer 25

Godden and baddeley, deep sea divers recall better when external contexts matched

Question 26

What is state dependant forgetting

Answer 26

Carter and cassaday - recall better when internal states matched

Question 27

What is retrieval failure

Answer 27

Forgetting due to a lack of cues

Question 28

Evaluation of retrieval failure

Answer 28

Real world application - cues are weak but worth paying attention to as strategy for improving recall Research support - wide range of support suggests this is the main reason for forgetting Counterpoint - no forgetting unless contexts are different Recall VS recognition - no context effects when memory assessed using recognition test

Question 29

What are the factors affecting EWT

Answer 29

Misleading information Anxiety

Question 30

What are leading questions

Answer 30

Questions that provoke a certain answer resulting in response bias.

Question 31

How does Post event discussion affect EWT

Answer 31

Memory contamination - mix information with others Memory conformity - responses given for social approval

Question 32

Evaluation of misleading information

Answer 32

Real world application - insights applied to police interviews and expert witnesses Counterpoint - film clips in lab are less stressful than everyday life, no consequences. Evidence against substitution - central details not much affected by misleading information Evidence challenging memory conformity - post-event information on hair colour blended, supporting contamination

Question 33

How does anxiety have a positive effect on EWT

Answer 33

Yuille and Cutshall (shooting in gun shop) - high anxiety associated with better recall when witnessing real crime

Question 34

What are the negative effects of anxiety on EWT

Answer 34

Johnson and Scott (weapon focus) - high-anxiety knife condition lef to poorer recall. Tunnel theory of memory

Question 35

Evaluation of the effects of anxiety on EWT

Answer 35

Unusualness not anxiety - poor recall due to unusualness not anxiety Support for negative effects - London dungeon - anxiety reduced accurate recall of an individual Support for positive effects - the most anxious EWT at a bank robbery had the most accurate recall Counterpoint - interviews were a long time after the event, lacks control of confounding variables

Question 36

What are the 4 steps of the cognitive interview

Answer 36

Report everything Reinstate the context Reverse the order Change perspective

Question 37

What is the ECI

Answer 37

Enhanced cognitive interview, add social dynamic eg establish eye contact

Question 38

Evaluation of cognitive interview

Answer 38

Support for the effectiveness of the ci - f[produce 41% more accurate recall than standard interview Counterpoint - also increases innacurate information, even more true for ECI Some elements may be more useful - report everything and reinstate the contest used together produced best recall The ci is time consuming - takes longer and needs training

Question 39

How do you improve EWT

Answer 39

Cognitive interview