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Psychology > Psychopathology > Flashcards

Psychopathology Flashcards

1
Q

Abnormality

A

Difficult to define as it varies between cultures.

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2
Q

Statistical infrequency

A

Abnormal if fall outside typical statistical range - e.g. IQ normal distribution curve - IQ between 70 and 130 normal.

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3
Q

Statistical Infrequency evalutation

A

+ Sometimes statistics are appropriate to define abnormality.
- Arbitrary cut offs
- Ignores desirability
- Sometimes statistically frequent = abnormal
- Cultural relativism

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4
Q

Deviation from social norms

A

Abnormal is behaviour that deviates from accepted or expected behaviours in society.

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5
Q

Deviation from social norms evaluation

A
  • Culture
  • Varies over time
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6
Q

Failure to function adequately

A

Not being able to cope with every day living- causes distress fr person and others- may not know they are abnormal/ mentally ill.

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7
Q

Rosenhan and Seligman- FtFA signs

A
  • No longer conforms to standard interpersonal rules (eye contact)
  • Severe distress
  • Irrational behaviour

7 criteria:
- Unpredictability
- Maladaptive behaviour
- Personal distress
- Irrationality
- Observer discomfort
- Violation of moral standards
- Unconventionality

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8
Q

Failure to function adequately evaluation

A

+ Subjective experience
+ Easy to judge
+ Includes others
- Subjective
- FtFA or deviation from social norms???
- Cultural relativism
- Some disturbed people appear normal

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9
Q

Deviation from ideal mental health

A

Absence of normality defines abnormality.

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10
Q

Jahoda 1958- 6 elements

A
  • Self attitudes
  • Personal growth
  • Integration
  • Autonomy
  • Accurate perception of reality
  • Mastery of environment
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11
Q

Deviation from ideal mental health evaluation

A

+ Positive approach
- Unrealistic
- Suggests mental health is the same as physical
- Cultural relativism

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12
Q

Phobia behavioural characteristics

A

Avoidance behaviours that trigger fight or flight response:
- Avoidance- interfering with routine
- Endurance- unavoidable
- Panic- fight or flight

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13
Q

Phobia emotional characteristics

A

Persistent emotional upset, anxiety (worry), fear (scared- caused by worry).

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14
Q

Phobia cognitive characteristics

A

Irrational thought processes, irrational beliefs (excessive), cognitive distortions, struggle focusing.

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15
Q

Specific phobia

A

Specific object/ situation

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16
Q

Social Phobia

A

Fear of public humiliation

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17
Q

Agoraphobia

A

Fear of public places

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18
Q

Clinical Depression

A

At least 5 symptoms for at least 2 weeks- 2.6% of population.

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19
Q

Symptoms of Depression

A

Poor/ increased appetite/ weight, too much/ too little sleep, tiredness, body slowed or sped up, loss of interest/ pleasure in usual activities, self reproach, guilt, distraction, thoughts of death/ suicidal behaviours.

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20
Q

Emotional Characteristics of depression

A

Sadness, low self esteem, loss of interest, anger

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21
Q

Behavioural Characteristics of Depression

A

Shift in activity, affected sleep/ appetite, aggression, self-harm

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22
Q

Cognitive Characteristics of Depression

A

Negative thoughts of self/ words, poor concentration, dwelling on negatives, catastrophic thinking

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23
Q

Obsessions

A

Uncontrollable and irrational thoughts/ images that interfere with functioning, causing anxiety.

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24
Q

Compulsions

A

Repeated actions or behaviours to relieve anxiety caused by obsessions

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25
Q

Cognitive characteristics of OCD

A

Obsessive, irrational, intrusive thoughts, catastrophic thinking, hyper-vigilance

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26
Q

Behavioural characteristics of OCD

A

Compulsions to reduce anxiety, avoidance

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27
Q

Emotional characteristics of OCD

A

Anxiety and distress, depression, guilt/ distress

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28
Q

Mowrer 1947- Two Process Model for Phobias

A
  • Classical conditioning (initiation)
  • Negatively reinforced by operant conditioning (maintenance)
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29
Q

Two Process Model Evaluation

A
  • Diathesis stress model- not everyone develops a phobia from trauma- genetic vulnerability manifest if triggered.
  • May forget event.
  • Many phobias are different.
  • Cognitive
  • Ignores biology
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30
Q

Sue et al 1994- phobia events

A
  • People often recall specific events.
  • Different phobias result of different processes.
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31
Q

Ost 1987- phobia

A

People might have forgotten.

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32
Q

Engels et al- phobia cognitive

A

Ignores cognitive factors- social phobia more responsive to CBT.

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33
Q

Seligman 1970- phobia biological

A

Animals programmed to fear threatening stimuli.

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34
Q

Bregman 1934- conditioning phobias failed

A

Failed to condition a fear response in infants pairing a loud bell with wooden blocks- behaviourism can’t alone explain, nature vs nurture.

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35
Q

Wolpe 1958- Systematic Desensitisation

A
  • Relaxation techniques
  • Anxiety hierarchy
  • Gradual exposure to each level (counter-conditioning)
36
Q

Systematic Desensitisation Evaluation

A

+ Effective
+ Doesn’t involve trauma- low refusal/ dropout rates
- Still some ethical issues
- Individualised- expensive/ time consuming
- Biological

37
Q

McGrath 1990- SD effectiveness

A

75% of people with specific phobias improved with SD.

38
Q

Gilroy 2003- SD study

A

Followed up with 42 patients treated for spider phobia in 3 45 minute sessions of SD. Control group treated with relaxation. At 3 months and 33 months the SD group was less fearful.

39
Q

Ohman 1975- SD biology

A

SD not effectively treating phobias with an underlying evolutionary survival component.

40
Q

Flooding

A

Places client into a situation with phobia until the relax- extinction of phobia (can be in vivo (real) or virtual.)

41
Q

Flooding evaluation

A
  • Ethically challenged due to traumatic nature.
    + Effective
  • Individual differences - not effective for all.
  • Less effective for complex phobias as it doesn’t tackle irrational thoughts.
42
Q

Choy et al- flooding effectiveness

A

SD and flooding effective but flooding more effective.

43
Q

Craske et al 2008- SD/ flooding effectiveness

A

SD and flooding equally effective.

44
Q

Aaron Beck 1967- Negative Triad

A

Negative triad- depressed people have acquired a negative schema during childhood- tendency to adopt a negative view of the world, future and self. Focus on negatives so become depressed.

45
Q

Albert Ellis 1962- ABC Model

A

ABC Model- activating event causes belief that’s rational or irrational which affects the consequential behaviour.

46
Q

Albert Ellis- Mustabatory thinking

A

Mustabatory thinking- thinking that ideas must be true to be happy, e.g. I must do well or I am worthless.

47
Q

Depression Cognitive Explanation Evaluation

A

+ Research support
- Blames client
- Are depressed people just realistic?
- Serotonin/ biology
- Doesn’t explain without an event
- Ignores situation

48
Q

Hammen and Krantz 1976- depression logic

A

Depressed participants made more errors in logic when asked to interpret material.

49
Q

Bates et al 1999- depressed people worsen

A

Depressed participants given negative thought statements became more depressed.

50
Q

Cuijpers et al 2013- CBT vs Drugs

A

CBT best with drugs. Review of 75 studies found it was superior to no treatment- biology.

51
Q

Alloy and Abrahmson 1979- depressed people realistic

A

Depressed realists tend to see things for what they actually are.

52
Q

Zhang et al 2005- depression serotonin

A

Low serotonin levels in depressed people.

53
Q

CBT

A

Changing irrational thought processes by focusing on affect (feeling), behaviour and cognition.

54
Q

Ellis- REBT

A

‘Rational Emotional Behavioural Therapy (REBT)’- first form of CBT. Disrupt negative thoughts with effective ones: ABCDEF- activating events, beliefs, consequences, disrupting irrational thoughts, effects/ effective attitude, new feelings. Involves homework, behavioural activation and unconditional positive regard. Claimed 90% success rate with an average of 27 sessions.

55
Q

Logical Disputing

A

Challenging beliefs that don’t make logical sense.

56
Q

Empirical Disputing

A

Challenging beliefs inaccurate to reality.

57
Q

Pragmatic Disputing

A

Challenging beliefs that aren’t useful.

58
Q

Behavioural activation

A

Client takes part in pleasurable activities.

59
Q

Unconditional Positive Regard

A

Therapist always positive and supportive- make client feel worthy.

60
Q

CBT/ REBT Evaluation

A
  • Best with drugs
  • Not the best for rigid believers
  • Stress
    + Research support
    + Equally effective
    + Ellis- 90% success rate with an average of 27 sessions.
61
Q

Simons et al 1995- stress CBT

A

High levels of stress causing depression cannot be resolved with CBT.

62
Q

Elkin et al 1985- CBT rigid believers

A

Less suitable for those with rigid irrational beliefs.

63
Q

Babyak et al 2000- behavioural activation

A

Behavioural change can alleviate depression. Studied 156 depressed adults, assigned a four month cause of either aerobic exercise, drug treatment, and a combination. The exercise group had lower relapse rates.

64
Q

Rosenzweig 1936- CBT effectiveness

A

All methods of treating mental disorders are equally effective.

65
Q

COMT Gene OCD

A

Gene involved in production of COMT enzyme which is responsible for clearing the synapse.

66
Q

Tukel et al 2013- COMT

A

Lower levels of activity of COMT gene lead to high levels of dopamine as genes not clearing synapse- cause OCD compulsions.

67
Q

SERT Gene

A

Increase in transporter proteins so less serotonin in synapse due to faster rate of uptake.

68
Q

Ozaki et al 2003- SERT

A

Mutation of SERT gene in 2 unrelated families where six out of seven family members had OCD.

69
Q

OCD Biological Evaluation

A

+ Research support
+ Twin studies
- Comorbidity
+ MRI scanning techniques
- Gene mapping/ turning off expressive genes.

70
Q

Nestadt et al 2000- family members OCD

A

80 patients with OCD and 343 of their relatives compared with 73 control patients and 300 relatives. Found that people with relatives with the illness had a 5 times greater chance of having it.

71
Q

Billett et al 1998- twin studies

A

MZ twins twice as likely to develop OCD if their twin had the disorder.

72
Q

Pauls and Leckman 1986- OCD Tourette’s

A

Patients with Tourette’s and found OCD is one form of expression of the same gene.

73
Q

Rasmussen and Eisen 1992- OCD depression

A

2 out of 3 with OCD also experience at least one depressive episode.

74
Q

Menzies et al 2007- MRI OCD

A

Used MRI to produce images of brain activity in OCD patients and immediate family members. OCD patients had reduced grey matter.

75
Q

Lewis 1936- OCD family members

A

Observed that of OCD parents, 37% had parents with OCD and 21% had siblings with OCD- genes.

76
Q

Selective Serotonin Re-uptake Inhibitors SSRIS

A

Inhibit re-uptake of serotonin to increase levels in the synapse.

77
Q

Tricyclics

A

Block transporter proteins to increase levels of serotonin and noradrenaline- more side effects.

78
Q

Benzodiazepines BZs

A

Slow down CNS activity by enhancing activity of GABA- natural anxiety reducer. Calms neurones by opening an channel to increase flow of chloride ions. Ions make it harder for neurone to be stimulated.

79
Q

Drug Treatments for OCD Evaluation

A

+ Effective
- Only treats symptoms not cause
- Turner et al- drug companies fund research- potential bias.
+ Very little patient input/ cheap.
- Side effects including nausea, headaches and insomnia + more violent ones like hallucinations, palpitations, memory impairment, aggression and addiction for BZs /tricyclics.

80
Q

Gava et al 2007- OCD drugs

A

Most common treatment for OCD is drugs.

81
Q

Soomro et al 2008- SSRIs vs placebo

A

Reviewed 17 studies of SSRIs with OCD and found them to be more effective than placebos.

82
Q

Koran et al 2007- CBT and drugs OCD

A

CBT should be used too to provide long term help.

83
Q

Szechtman et al 1998- drugs research support

A

Animals given high dopamine drugs experienced compulsions.

84
Q

Pigott et al 1990- anti-depressants for OCD

A

Anti-depressants reduced OCD symptoms.

85
Q

Abnormal levels of neurotransmitters

A
  • High dopamine = OCD, Low serotonin = OCD.
86
Q

Abnormal brain circuits

A

Caudate nucleus (base of basal ganglia) usually suppresses orbito-frontal cortex’s warnings. OFC sends warnings to thalamus, so if not suppressed due to damage to caudate nucleus the thalamus will keep receiving unnecessary minor warnings- worry circuit.
- Comer- serotonin major role in operation of OFC and caudate nucleus.

Psychology (11 decks)

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