Memory

Question 1

Memory

Answer 1

The process by which the mind stores and remembers information.

Question 2

Encoding

Answer 2

Converting information into a storable format.

Question 3

Procedural Memory

Answer 3

Automatic memories not available for conscious inspection.

Question 4

Semantic Memory

Answer 4

Semantic meanings or feelings available for conscious inspection.

Question 5

Episodic Memory

Answer 5

Memories of events available for conscious inspection.

Question 6

STM Capacity

Answer 6

7 items- Miller’s digit span technique.

Question 7

STM Duration

Answer 7

18-30 seconds- Peterson and Peterson- remember trigram and count backward, recall decreased over time.

Question 8

LTM Capacity

Answer 8

Limitless

Question 9

LTM Duration

Answer 9

Supposedly a lifetime- Bahrick et al- people recalled high school year books- 70% accuracy after 48 years.

Question 10

Sensory Memory

Answer 10

Info from senses that is stored up to 250ms (Sperling’s tachiscope- flashed symbols for 1/20 of a second and participants could only remember 3-4)

Question 11

STM

Answer 11

If information catches attention of STM it is stored.

Question 12

LTM

Answer 12

When information is rehearsed from the STM and stored in the LTM. Can be retrieved back to the STM.

Question 13

Multi-store Model of Memory - Atkinson and Shriffrin 1968

Answer 13

Sensory memory > Attention > STM > Rehearsal > LTM > Retrieval > STM

Question 14

MSM Evalutation

Answer 14

+ First model so prompted researched.
+ Simplifies complex information
+ Supported by research and case studies
- Temporal validity
- Types of LTM (Clive Wearing)
- Memory unlikely to be linear
- Reductionist
- What is rehearsal?

Question 15

Forgetting

Answer 15

Information not successfully retrieved from LTM.

Question 16

Trace Decay

Answer 16

Automatic loss of a memory from the sensory store.

Question 17

Displacement

Answer 17

New memories push older ones out of the STM.

Question 18

Retroactive Interference

Answer 18

Recent memories interfere with old.

Question 19

Proactive Interference

Answer 19

Old memories interfere with new.

Question 20

Loess

Answer 20

Given 3 words from a category and had to count back for 15 seconds. Each time they recalled the new list interfered with the old one.

Question 21

Glanzer and Cunitz 1966- The Serial Position Effect

Answer 21

STM + LTM different. Partipants memorised 21 words and recalled as many as possible. Recalled more from the beginning (primacy) and more from the end (recency).

Question 22

Glanzer and Cunitz Study Evaluation

Answer 22

+ Experiment is controlled and reliable.
- Demand characteristics
- Ecological validity
- Individual differences
- What is the start, middle and end?

Question 23

Korsakoff’s Syndrome

Answer 23

Alcoholics often develop this, leading to brain damage with little effect on STM. Supports different STM and LTM.

Question 24

Shallice and Warrington - KF

Answer 24

Motorbike accident - in tact LTM but damaged STM. STM for auditory information more problematic that visual.

Question 25

Baddeley

Answer 25

Brain scanning technique shows different patterns in activity of STM and LTM. Different types of STM shown by performing multiple tasks at once.

Question 26

LTM/ STM Case Study Evaluation

Answer 26

+ High validity
+ Ethical
+ Computers less vulnerable to human error.
- Not reliable
- Cannot be generalised
- Time consuming
- Limited technology

Question 27

Working Memory Model - Baddeley and Hitch 1974

Answer 27

Sensory input > Central Executive > Either: Visualspatial Sketchpad, Episodic Buffer, or Phonological Loop > LTM

Question 28

Central Executive

Answer 28

Filter that monitors and coordinates information- role unclear,

Question 29

Episodic Buffer

Answer 29

Added in 2000- backup store to communicate with other components and LTM.

Question 30

Phonological Loop

Answer 30

Made up of articulatory loop (inner voice) and the phonological store (inner ear- lasts 1.5-2.5 seconds without being refreshed).

Question 31

Visuospatial Sketchpad

Answer 31

Visual and spatial information.

Question 32

WMM Evaluation

Answer 32

+ Shows STM is made up of different parts.
+ More interactive
+ Improvements to most criticisms of MSM
+ Research and case study evidence.
- No LTM Types
- No explanation of Central Executive - addition of Episodic Buffer didn’t help.

Question 33

Central Executive Case Study Criticism

Answer 33

EVR - cerberal tumour removed, performed well on reasoning but poorly on coordination, both contradicting each other about the functionality of the Central Executive.

Question 34

Tulving and Pearlstone - Cue-Dependent Retrieval

Answer 34

Two groups, one given just words, the other the same with categories. Those with categories recalled more words. Retrieval depends on having a prompt.

Question 35

Godden and Baddeley - Context Dependent Retrieval

Answer 35

Situation affects retrieval. Asked 4 divers to learn words. 1 learned on water and recalled on land, 1 learned on land and recalled in water, 1 learned in water and recalled in water and the other both recalled and learned on land. Found that different locations meant less were recalled.

Question 36

Goodwin et al - State Dependent Retrieval

Answer 36

Psychological/ emotional state affects retrieval. University students got drunk and hid things, couldn’t remember location of the items when sober.

Question 37

Loftus and Palmer 1974 - EWT

Answer 37

Participants shown clips of traffic accidents (5-30s) then asked to write an account. Asked specific leading questions - 5 groups of 9 people - “how fast when [smashed, collided, bumped, hit, contacted]. Verb affected the estimate (‘smashed’ highest at 40.8 mph, ‘contacted’ least at 31mph).

Question 38

Response bias factors

Answer 38

Using other factors to estimate and answer.

Question 39

Post-event discussion

Answer 39

Information provided after an event.

Question 40

Loftus et al 1987 - Weapon Focus

Answer 40

36 students from the University of Washington (some payed, some given credits) shown a slide show of an event at a Taco Shop. Separated into 2 groups, exactly the same except 1 slide. Half were shown a man with a receipt, half a man with a gun. They were then given a questionnaire and asked to rate the accuracy of identification of the man from a set of images. The gun group were less accurate at 11% correct identification.

Question 41

Yuille and Cutshall 1986

Answer 41

Studied a real crime - 13 out of 21 witnesses agreed to participate. Interviewed 4-5 months after the event and asked to rate the emotional stress on a 7 point scale. The more stressed group happened to be 85% accurate to their original interviews, and the less stressed group 75% accurate.

Question 42

The Yerkes-Dodson Law

Answer 42

Stress improves performance up to a certain point.

Question 43

Fisher and Geiselman 1992 - CIT

Answer 43

• Report everything
• Context reinstatement
• Recall in reverse order
• Recall from different perspective

Question 44

Fisher and Geiselman 1985 - CIT Lab Experiment

Answer 44

Lab experiment- 240 participants watched a video of a store robbery. Half interviewed with CIT - 35% more facts - the other half interviewed with standard technique.

Question 45

Fisher and Geiselman 1989 - CIT Field Experiment

Answer 45

16 detectives interviewed real witnesses, 7 with CIT. Interviews were recorded and analysed by people in California, who were blind to the conditions, finding that CIT produced 63% more facts.

Question 46

Kohnken et al 1999 - CIT support

Answer 46

Meta analysis of 53 studies - 34% more info with CIT

Question 47

Milne and Bull 2002 - CIT

Answer 47

Individually using the stages isn’t particularly effective, but two or more is more effective.