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psychopathology Flashcards

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1
Q

definitions of abnormality

deviation of ideal mental health

A

if person doesn’t achieve criteria they are deemed as abnormal

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2
Q

definitions of abnormality

criteria to be seen as abnormal in deviation of ideal mental health

A
  • coping with stress well
  • lack of guilt
  • self actualisation
  • good self esteem
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3
Q

definitions of abnormality

evaluation of deviation from ideal mental health

A

a: comprehensive def- broad criteria range so many ways of abnormality to be considered
c: unrealistic high standard- not everyone can achieve criteria so everyone would be deemed as abnormal

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4
Q

definitions of abnormality

statistical infrequency

A

when behaviour is calculated to fall out of range of normal distribution

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5
Q

definitions of abnormality

evaluation of statistical infrequency

A

a: real life application- used to assess how severe clinical conditions can be placed on a spectrum when diagnosing
c: not everyone benefits from a label- might cause more distress to someone finding out they have a disability but dont need to change their lifestyle

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6
Q

definitions of abnormality

failure to function adequately

A

individual struggling to cope with everyday demands and no longer conform to interpersonal rules

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7
Q

definitions of abnormality

evaluation of failure to function adequately

A

a: patients perspective- helps capture and assess peoples experiences for diagnosis
-> c: subjective
c: too simple- can risk limiting personal freedom (e.g. religion)

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8
Q

definitions of abnormality

deviation from social norms

A

deciding someone is abnormal due to not following normal way to do something in everyday life (e.g. antisocial behaviour)

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9
Q

definitions of abnormality

evaluation of deviation from social norms

A

a: real life application- helps awareness of antisocial personality disorder
-> c: hard to distinguish between normal and abnormal due to everyone living differently
c: culture relativism- generations change leading to social norms changing-> people would seem abnormal if they didn’t change

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10
Q

phobia

A

irrational fear of object/ place/ situation

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11
Q

types of phobias

A
  • specific
  • agoraphobia
  • social anxiety
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12
Q

behavioural characteristics of phobias

A
  • panic
  • avoidance
  • endurance
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13
Q

emotional characteristics of phobias

A
  • anxiety
  • fear
  • unreasonable emotions
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14
Q

cognitive characteristics of phobias

A
  • selective attention
  • cognitive distortion
  • irrational beliefs
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15
Q

behavioural explanantion

two process model

A

phobia learnt by classical conditioning and maintained by operant conditioning

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16
Q

two process model

classical conditioning

A

learnt to fear something by neutral stimulus being associated with unconditional stimulus to create a conditional stimulus (a phobia) that leads to a feared response

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17
Q

two process model

operant conditioning

A

maintaining phobia when behaviour is reinforced (rewarded) or punished

18
Q

OC- two process model

negative reinforcement

A

avoiding stimulus to avoid negative consequence

19
Q

two process model

evaluation of behavioural explanation of phobia

A

a: helped explain how phobias are maintained- implications for therapies to explain why patients need to be exposed to phobia
c: buck, some avoidance behaviour is motivated by positive feelings of safety- explains why some people would rather leave the house with someone trusted than alone -> suggest avoidancee is motivated by anxiety reduction
c: Bounton, evolutionary factors- biological preparedness (seligman) saying we go through innate disposition to acquire fear -> suggest more to acquiring phobia than conditioning

20
Q

phobia treatment

systematic desensitisation

A

therapy designed to reduce phobia anxiety

21
Q

phobia treatment

anxiety hierarchy

A

list made by therapist and patient ranking fear inducing situations with phobia from least to most frightening

22
Q

SD

relaxation

A

therapist calming patient with relaxing techniques (e.g. meditation) to allow them to be calm before being exposed to phobia

23
Q

phobia treatment

evaluation of systematic desensitisation

A

a: effective- Gilroy, 42 patients exposed while in relaxed state -> successful when patient stayed relaxed
a: suitable for diverse range of patients- helpful for those with learning difficulties
a: acceptable- not trauma inducing

24
Q

phobia treatment

flooding

A

instantly exposing patient to most fear inducing situation with phobia without build up or relaxation

25
Q

phobia treatmemt

evaluation of flooding

A

a: cost effective- free of symptoms quicker therefore treatment cheaper
c: less effective to some phobias- phobias with cognitive aspects are harder to get rid of -> some dont benefit
c: traumatic- some patients dont go through all the way with treatment-> time and money wasting

26
Q

depression

A

mental disorder characterised by low mood and low energy

27
Q

behavioural characteristics of depression

A
  • reduced activity levels
  • distruption of sleeping/ eating
  • agression and self harm
28
Q

emotional characteristics of depression

A
  • low mood
  • low self esteem
  • anger
29
Q

cognitive characteristics of depression

A
  • poor concerntration
  • negative dwelling
  • absolutist thinking
30
Q

cognitive explanation of depression

beck’s theory

definition

A

believing cognitive thinking creatged vulnerability

31
Q

cognitive explanation of depression

components of cognitive triad

A
  • faulty information processing
  • negative self schema
  • negative triad
32
Q

cognitive explanation of depression

evaluation of beck’s theory

A

a: practical application in CBT- dorms basis so all cognitive aspects can be challenged
a: grazioli and terry- 65 pregnant women studied for depression vulnerability before and after giving birth, found those with high cognitive vulnerability were more likely to develop post natal depression -> supports
c: doesnt explain all aspects- doenst explain extreme cases (e.g. hallucinations)

33
Q

cognitive explanation of depression

ellis’ abc model

A

believing irrational thinking creates vulnerability

34
Q

cognitive explanation of depression

what does abc model stand for

ellis’ abc model

A

a- activating event
b- beliefs
c- consequence

35
Q

cognitive explanation of depression

evaluation of ellis’ abc model

A

a: practical application- lead to successful therapies challenging beliefs -> supports
c: doesnt explain all aspects
c: partial explanation- say activating events trigger negative thinking to trigger depression but not all negative thoughts trigger depression

36
Q

cognitive treatment of depression

CBT

A

deal with thinking or challenging irrational thinking

37
Q

cognitive treatment of depression

beck’s cognitive therapy

A
  • initial assessment to identify negative thoughts
  • set goals
  • set homework to prove negative thoughts wrong
  • help client replace negative thoughts with positive
38
Q

cognitive treatment of depression

ellis’ REBT

DEF

A

d- dispute
e- effect on behaviour
f- feelings produced

39
Q

cognitive treatment of depression

types of disputing

A
  • empirical: providing evidence to prove negative thoughts
  • pragmatic: whether thoughts will help individual
  • logical: whether thoughts are logical
40
Q

cognitive treatment of depression

evaluation of cognitive treatment for depression

A

a: march, compare CBT and antidepressents on patients with depression- found 81% improvement alone adn 86% improvement together-> show both had most improvement therefore prove effectiveness
c: ineffective for severe cases: may affect day to day life which doesnt assess cognitive ability -> may lead them to antidepressants
c: quality of therapy- therapist-patient relationship important -> relationship good, therapy good- decrease validity

41
Q
A

psychology (4 decks)

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