Relationships Flashcards
Study into the difference in sexual selection between genders
Clark and Hatfield
Approached people and asked three questions
Women - 50% date, 6% apartment, 0% sex
Men- 50% date, 69% apartment, 75% sex
Three studies into physical attractiveness
Shackleford and Larsen
- People rated symmetrical faces more attractive
Bowlby
- Neotenous features are more attractive
Dion et al
- Found the halo effect is real
Self disclosure evaluation
Laurenceau
Used a method that involved daily diary entries.
Correlations between self-disclosure and higher levels of intimacy in long term married couples
Tang et al
Americans disclose more in relationships than Chinese people
Filter theory main study
Kerckhoff and Davis
- Studied 94 students in relationships > and < than 18 months with questionnaires
- 7 months later asked how close they felt compared to the beginning of the study
- Attitude similarity most important for <18 months
- Long term couples valued complimentary the most
What are the filters in filter theory
Filter 1
Age, social background, geographical location
Filter 2
Similarity in attitudes
Filter 3
Complementarity of needs
Filter theory apartments study
Festinger et al
- Looked at friendships in a block of apartments for married students
- Students were 10x more likely to become friends with people who lived in their own building
Research support for Social exchange theory
Rusbult
- Longitudinal study of 17 males and females in relationships
- Costs benefit analysis isn’t so important at the beginning of a relationship but becomes more important as the relationship develops
Evidence against Social Exchange theory
Argyle
We only measure the costs and rewards of a relationship when we are already dissatisfied with the current relationship
What are the stages of relationship development
- Sampling - weight up rewards/costs and compare to previous relationships
- Bargaining - give and receive rewards to see if the relationship is worth it
- Commitment - the relationship becomes more predictable so it’s easier to elicit rewards from one another
- Institutionalisation- relationship norms are developed which establishes patterns of rewards and costs
Research support for equity theory
Utne
- Surveyed 188 recently married couples that have been together for at least 2 years
- Couples who considered their relationship equitable were more satisfied than those who were over/under benefiting
Investment model AO3
Two studies
Le and Agner
- Meta analysis
- Satisfaction, comparison, and investment all predicted commitment, committed couples lasted the longest
- Same cross culturally and homo and hetero relationships
Rusbult and Martz
- Applied IM to abusive relationships
- Asked woment in shelters why they didn’t leave immediately
- Women said it was because they didn’t have economic alternatives and their investment was high
Outline Ducks phase model of relationship breakdown
- Intra psychic - Admit to yourself you’re disatisfied
- Dyadic - Person confronts partner
- Social - Involve friends/relatives
- Grave dressing
Hyperpersonal model
Joseph Walther
- Self disclosure happens earlier online than in person and relationships can end faster because it’s difficult to sustain the same level of intense self disclosure long term
- May feel more intimate because it’s easier to manipulate your image
Reduced Cues Theory
Sproull and Kiesler
- Virtual are less open and honest because of the lack of social cues which leads to deidividuation
Absence of Gating
McKenna and Bargh
- Looked at online communication between shy, lonely and socially anxious people
- Found that they could express their true selves better than face to face
