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Psychopathology Flashcards

1
Q

Definition of abnormality

A

a psychological or behavioural state leading to impairment or interpersonal functioning and/ or distress to others

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2
Q

Definition of deviation from social norms

A

behaviour violating accepted social rules

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3
Q

What are some strengths of deviation from social norms definition

A
  • helps people get support if needed
  • developmental norms- the definition establishes what behaviours are normal for different ages
  • it can distinguish between normal and abnormal behaviours
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4
Q

Limitations of the deviation from social norms definition

A
  • subjective- social norms aren’t real but they are based upon opinions
  • social accepted norms change over time
  • there are cultural differences of what is accepted
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5
Q

What is cultural relativism

A

the way in which the function and meaning of behaviour, value or attitude are relative to a specific cultural setting

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6
Q

Definition of the failure to function adequately definition

A

an inability to cope with day to day living

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7
Q

When can someone be seen as failing to function adequately

A

when someone disrupts their ability to work and conduct satisfying interpersonal relationships

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8
Q

Strengths of the failure to function adequately definition

A
  • it can assess the degree of abnormality
  • there are observable behaviours
  • the definition provides a practical checklist
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9
Q

Limitations of the failure to function adequately definition

A
  • abnormality isn’t always accompanied by dysfunction- e.g harold shipman
  • there is normal abnormality- e.g during times of grieving
  • there are cultural differences
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10
Q

Definition of deviation from ideal mental health definition

A

failure to meet the criteria for perfect psychological wellbeing

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11
Q

Definition of self-actualisation

A

a state in which people are motivated to achieve their full potential

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12
Q

Describe Marie Jahoda’s six characteristics for ideal mental health

A
  • six points including self actualisation and resisting stress
  • an absence of any of the six characteristics can indicate individuals being abnormal
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13
Q

Strengths of the deviation from ideal mental health definition

A

positivity- the definition emphasises positive achievements rather than failures
- goal setting

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14
Q

Limitations of the deviation from ideal mental health definition

A
  • over demanding criteria
    -subjective criteria
  • cultural variation
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15
Q

Definition of the statistical infrequency definition

A

behaviours that are rare

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16
Q

Strength of statistical infrequency definition

A
  • based on real data
  • it gives an overall view
  • can be appropriate
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17
Q

Limitations of statistical infrequency definition

A
  • its unclear where to draw the line
  • not all infrequent behaviours are abnormal
  • not all abnormal behaviours are infrequent
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18
Q

Definition of phobias

A

anxiety disorders caused by extreme irrational fears

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19
Q

What are some behavioural symptoms of phobias

A
  • avoidance/anxiety
  • disruption of functioning- inability to cope with everyday life
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20
Q

Emotional symptoms of phobias

A
  • persistent, excessive fear
  • fear from exposure to phobic stimulus
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21
Q

Cognitive symptoms of phobias

A
  • recognition of exaggerated anxiety
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22
Q

What are the sub types of phobias

A
  • simple phobias
  • social phobias
  • agoraphobia
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23
Q

What are simple phobias

A
  • known as specific phobias when sufferers have fears of specific things
  • e.g. animal phobias, injury phobias etc…
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24
Q

What are social phobias

A

-phobias when people are over anxious in social situations
- e.g performance phobias, interactional phobias etc…

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25
Q

What is agoraphobia

A
  • the fear of leaving home or a safe place
  • can be brought on by fear of contamination etc…
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26
Q

What is depression

A

a mood disorder characterised by feelings of despondency and hopelessness

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27
Q

What is unipolar depression

A

a form of depression occurring without mania

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28
Q

What is bipolar depression

A

a form of depression characterised by periods of heightened moods and periods of despondency and hopelessness

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29
Q

Behavioural symptoms of unipolar depression

A
  • loss of energy
  • social impairment
  • weight changes
  • poor personal hygiene
  • sleep pattern disturbance
30
Q

Emotional symptoms of unipolar depression

A
  • loss of enthusiasm
  • constant depressed mood
  • worthlessness
31
Q

Cognitive symptoms of unipolar depression

A
  • delusions
  • reduced concentration
  • thoughts of death
  • poor memory
32
Q

Behavioural symptoms of bipolar depression

A
  • high energy levels
  • reckless behaviour
  • talkative
33
Q

Emotional symptoms of bipolar depression

A
  • elevated mood states
  • irritability
  • lack of guilt
34
Q

Cognitive symptoms of bipolar depression

A
  • delusions
  • irrational thought process
35
Q

What is OCD

A
  • an anxiety disorder characterised by persistent, recurrent, unpleasant thoughts and repetitive, ritualistic behaviours
36
Q

What are some behavioural obsessive symptoms of OCD

A
  • hinders everyday functioning
  • social impairment
37
Q

What are some emotional obsessive symptoms of OCD

A
  • extreme anxiety
38
Q

What are some cognitive obsessive symptoms of OCD

A
  • recurrent and persistent thoughts
  • recognised and self-generated- most people know about their OCD
  • realisation of inappropriateness
  • attentional bias
39
Q

What are some common obsessions

A
  • contamination
  • fear of losing control
  • perfectionism
  • religion
40
Q

What are some behavioural compulsive symptoms of OCD

A
  • repetitive behaviours
  • repetitive behaviours hinder everyday functioning
  • social impairment
41
Q

What are some emotional compulsive symptoms of OCD

A
  • distress
42
Q

What are some cognitive compulsive symptoms of OCD

A
  • uncontrollable urges
  • realisation of inappropriateness
43
Q

What are some common compulsions

A
  • excessive washing and cleaning
  • excessive checking
  • repetition
  • mental compulsions
  • hoarding
44
Q

What is the behavioural approach to explaining and treating mental disorders

A

the perception of phobias as occurring through learning processes with treatments based upon modifying maladaptive behaviour through substitution of new responses

45
Q

What is the cognitive approach to explaining and treating mental disorders

A

the perception of depression as determined through maladaptive thought processes with treatments based upon modifying thought patterns to alter behavioural and emotional states

46
Q

What is the biological approach to explaining and treating mental disorders

A

the perception of OCD as determined by physiological means with treatments based upon chemical means

47
Q

What is the two process model

A

the perception of phobias as acquired through classical conditioning and social learning, with their maintenance upheld through operant conditioning

48
Q

What term describes learning through association

A

classical conditioning (CC)

49
Q

What term describes a stimulus becoming associated with a response

A

operant conditioning (OC)

50
Q

What are the two stages of the two process model

A
  1. acquisition (onset) of phobias
  2. the maintenance of phobias
51
Q

Who is CC based upon the work of

A
  • Ivan Pavlov
  • how dogs learnt to salivate at the anticipation of being fed (e.g. the ringing of the bell)
52
Q

In OC what is positive reinforcement

A

a pleasant outcome from performing a certain behaviour is likely to be repeated
- e.g. getting a sticker for completing work

53
Q

In OC what is negative reinforcement

A

the outcome of a behaviour that results in escaping something unpleasant
- e.g. doing work so not to get detention

54
Q

What is systematic desensitisation

A

a behavioural therapy for treating anxiety disorders in which the sufferer learns relaxation techniques then facing a hierarchy of exposure to objects to the situations that cause anxiety

55
Q

What is flooding

A

instead of gradual processes up to a stimulus, patients go straight to the top of the hierarchy and have contact with their most feared scenarios
- its to make sure that patients cant make their usual avoidance responses
- anxiety eventually subsides and as anxiety cannot be maintained

56
Q

What is the cognitive approach to explaining and treating depression

A

modifying a patients thought patterns to alter their behavioural and emotional states of depression

57
Q

What are the parts of Beck’s negative triad

A
  • negative views about the world
  • negative views about the future
  • negative views about oneself
58
Q

What are some of Beck’s negative schemas

A
  • ineptness schemas
  • self-blame schemas
  • negative self evaluation schemas
58
Q

What is Ellis’ ABC model

A

-Activating event- e.g. teacher saying she’s unhappy with work
- Beliefs- e.g. you see yourself as a failure
- Consequence- e.g. you have a feeling of worthlessness

59
Q

What was formed from Ellis’ ABC model

A

rational emotive behaviour therapy (REBT)

60
Q

What is the genetic explanation of depression

A

depression is inherited
- seen by twin and adoption studies

61
Q

What is the behavioural explanation of depression

A

sees depression as a learned condition

62
Q

How does cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) treat depression

A

it helps patients to identify irrational and maladaptive thoughts and alter them

63
Q

How does REBT treat depression

A

it involves making patients irrational and negative thoughts more rational and positive

64
Q

Explain the neural explanation to explaining and treating OCD

A
  • OCD can lead to breakdowns in the immune system
  • PET scans can show levels of serotonin activity in the brain
  • PET scans also show that OCD sufferers can have relatively high levels of activity in the frontal orbital cortex
65
Q

What is drug therapy

A

the treatment of OCD through chemical means

66
Q

What is an example of drug therapy and how does it help patients with OCD

A
  • SSRIs
  • they elevate levels of serotonin in the orbital frontal cortex at more normal levels
67
Q

How does psychosurgery treat OCD

A
  • it’s irreversible treatment involving removing brain tissue to disrupt the cortico-striatal circuit by the use of radio-frequency waves
68
Q

How effective are biological treatments to OCD

A
  • psychosurgery has a low success rate and can have serious side effects
  • its only used in severe forms of OCD where other treatments haven’t worked for about 10 years
  • 10% of patients with OCD usually get worse over time even with drug treatments
69
Q

What treatment is seen as the most effective

A

CBT

Psychology (7 decks)

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