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Psychology > Memory > Flashcards

Memory Flashcards

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1
Q

who proposed the multi-store model (MSM)

A

Atkinson and Shiffrin (1968)

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2
Q

What does the MSM explain

A
  • it explains how information flows through a series of storage systems
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3
Q

What are the three permanent structures in memory outlined by the MSM

A
  • sensory register (SR)
  • short term memory (STM)
  • long term memory (LTM)
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4
Q

Each stage of the MSM work in different ways. What are the three ways they work different to each other

A
  • coding- the form in which the information is stored ( e.g visual)
  • capacity- how much information can be stored
  • duration- how long information can be stored for
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5
Q

How is information coded for in the sensory register (SR)

A

its stored in a raw, unprocessed form, with separate sensory stores for different sensory inputs
- e.g echoic store for auditory information, iconic store for visual information

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6
Q

How large is the capacity in the SR

A
  • very large, with information contained being in an unprocessed, highly detailed, ever-changing format
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7
Q

What is the duration of the SR

A

have limited duration with different information decaying at different rates

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8
Q

How is information coded for in the STM

A

information is coded either visually or acoustically

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9
Q

What is Baddeley’s research into coding in the STM and LTM

A
  • his research was to see if coding in STM and LTM was mainly acoustic or semantic
  • 75 p’s were given 4 word lists which were acoustically similar/ dissimilar or semantically similar/dissimilar
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10
Q

What were Baddeley’s findings into coding into the STM and LTM

A
  • STM p’s given acoustically similar words performed the worst. This shows that STM is coded mainly on an acoustic bases
  • LTM p’s performed worst on semantically similar words. This shows that LTM is mainly coded on a semantic bases
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11
Q

What is the capacity of STM

A
  • it has a limited capacity
  • research shows between 5 and 9 items can be held at any one time
  • capacity is increased by chunking
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12
Q

What is the duration of STM

A
  • maximum of 30 seconds
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13
Q

How is information stored in the LTM

A
  • in form of memories
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14
Q

What is the duration of LTM

A
  • possibly forever as memories can last a lifetime
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15
Q

What did Baddeley and Hitch propose in 1974

A

working memory model (WMM)

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16
Q

why did Baddeley and Hitch create the WMM

A

because they argued that the STM was far more complex than just being a temporary store for transferring information to the LTM

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17
Q

What were the components Baddeley and Hitch introduced to replace the single STM store

A
  • central executive (CE)
  • visuo-spatial sketchpad (VSS)
  • phonological loop (PL)
  • episodic buffer (EB)
18
Q

Explain the CE

A
  • it acts as a filter to determine which information should be attended to.
  • it directs information to the models slave systems
19
Q

Evaluation of CE

A
  • little is known about the CE
    + because little is known it can be used to explain experimental results
  • the CE isn’t a memory store unlike the PL and VSS which are specialised memory stores
20
Q

Explain the PL

A
  • deals with auditory information and the order of words
  • has a limited capacity as its mainly an acoustic store
21
Q

What sub-parts did Baddeley divide the PL into

A
  • primary acoustic store (PAS) - stores words recently heard
  • articulatory process (AP) - keeps information in PL through sub-vocal repetition
22
Q

Evaluate the PL

A

+ PET scans show different brain areas are activated when doing verbal and visual tasks suggesting PL and VSS are separate systems
+ the PL is associated with the human vocal language so it can help the learning of more complex language abilities

23
Q

What is the VSS

A
  • handles non- phonological information
  • temporary store for visual and spatial items
  • VSS helps individuals navigate and interact with their physical environment
24
Q

Evaluation of VSS

A

+ PET scans show that the VSS can be divided into the VC and IS
- tasks performed in studies into VSS and PL don’t often reflect those experienced in real life so it lacks mundane realism

25
Q

Why was the EB introduced

A

It explained how it was possible to temporarily store information combined together from the CE, PL the VSS and the LTM

26
Q

What is episodic LTM

A

It’s the memory that gives individuals an autobiographical record of personal experiences

27
Q

What is semantic LTM

A

• type if exicit memory
• contains all information an individual has learnt
• semantic LTM is linked to episodic LTM as new knowledge tends to be learnt from experience

28
Q

What is procedural LTM

A

• type of implicit memory
• allows individuals to perform learned tasks with little conscious thought e.g riding a bike
• many procedural LTM’s occur early in life so are hard to explain
• as procedural memory doesn’t require conscious thought, it permits people to simultaneously perform other cognitive tasks that requite attention

29
Q

What is the definition of forgetting

A

a failure to retrieve memories

30
Q

What is the interference theory

A

it sees forgetting as due to information in LTM becoming confused with or disrupted by other information during coding leading to inaccurate recall

31
Q

What is proactive interference

A

when information is stored previously interferes with new information

32
Q

What is retroactive interference

A

when coding of new information interferes with information previously coded

33
Q

When does cue dependant forgetting happen

A

-when information is still in the LTM but cant be accessed.
- CDF sees recall as dependant upon retrieval cues

34
Q

What are the two main forms of CDF

A
  • context dependant failure
  • state dependant failure
35
Q

What is context dependant failure

A

occurs with external retrieval cues, with forgetting occurring with the external environment is different at recall from how it was at coding

36
Q

What is state dependant forgetting

A

occurs with internal retrieval cues, with forgetting occurring when an individuals internal environment is dissimilar at recall to when information was coded

37
Q

What is repression

A
  • type of motivated forgetting where emotionally threatening events are thought to be banished into the unconscious mind, to prevent feelings of anxiety
38
Q

How does misleading information affect the accuracy of EWT

A
  • misleading information is able to create false memories of events
  • post event discussion can also create false memories
39
Q

How does anxiety affect EWT

A

real-life events which involve violent crimes can affect EWT as people are more likely to focus on the weapon used instead of the culprits face

40
Q

what is the cognitive interview (CI)

A

-developed by Fisher and Geiselman (1992)
- its a series of memory retrieval and communication techniques

41
Q

What are some factors of the cognitive interview

A
  • change of narrative order- recall event in a different order
  • change of perspective- recall event from a different persons view
  • mental reinstatement of context- recall both the environmental and emotional context of the event
  • report everything- recall everything even if no relevance
42
Q

How does the enhanced cognitive interview differ from the standard CI

A
  • it seeks to build trusting relationship between the interviewer and witness to improve the quality of communication
    -this is achieved by
    • no distracting the witness
    • witness being in control
    • getting witness to speak slowly
    • p’s not to guess but admit they don’t know
    • reduce anxiety in the interview

Psychology (7 decks)

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