Attachment Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the definition of an attachment

A

an enduring, two way, emotional tie to a specific other person normally between a parent and child

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2
Q

How are attachments formed in the early stages of aa child’s development

A
  • bodily contact
  • mimicking
  • caregiverese
  • interactional synchrony
  • reciprocity
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3
Q

What stage of attachment is an infant at from birth to 3 months

A

pre-attachment phase- from 6 weeks old, infants become attracted to other humans rather than objects

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4
Q

What stage of attachment is an infant at from 3 to 7/8 months

A

indiscriminate attachment- infants discriminate between familiar and unfamiliar people

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5
Q

What stage of attachment is an infant at when they are 7/8 months

A

discriminate attachment- infants develop specific attachments and they stay close to particular people and they become stressed when separated form them

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6
Q

What stage of attachment is an infant at when they are 9 months old and older

A

multiple attachments stage- infants form bonds with other major caregivers such as grandparents
- the fear of strangers weakens but attachment to mother still remains strong

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7
Q

How has the role of the father in attachments seen now

A

-in the past, mothers tended to stay at home to look after the children when the father went out to work so therefore he played a minor role
- now, the father plays a more significant role as both parents tend to work so they share responsibility

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8
Q

Factors affecting relationships between father and child

A
  • degree of sensitivity- greater attachments if father shows more sensitivity to child’s needs
  • type of attachment with own parents- fathers tend to act in a similar way to the way they were with their parents
  • marital intimacy- how his relationship with the partner is
  • supportive co-parenting- amount of support father gives his partner
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9
Q

Definition of imprinting

A

a form of attachment where offspring follow the first large moving object

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10
Q

Outline Lorenz study

A
  • separated two sets of geese eggs
  • half hatched with mother, half hatched under Lorenz’s supervision
  • after birth, the geese with Lorenz followed him and the others followed the mother
  • this shows imprinting is irreversible
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11
Q

Outline Harlow’s monkey research

A

-he used baby monkeys by depriving them from their mother
- he used a wire mother with milk and a cloth/ soft mother without milk
- he then stimulated the monkeys
- his results show that the monkeys went for comfort instead of food
- this shows that attachment comes from emotional security rather than food

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12
Q

What is learning theory

A

the belief that attachments develop through conditioning processes

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13
Q

What is classical conditioning

A

occurs when a response produced naturally by a certain stimulus, becomes associated with another stimulus that is not normally associated with that particular response

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14
Q

What is operant conditioning

A

learning occurring via reinforcement of behaviour, thus increasing the chances of it happening again

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15
Q

What is the cupboard love theory

A

the belief that attachments are formed with people who feed infants

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16
Q

What are the two types of learning theory

A
  • classical conditioning
  • operant conditioning
17
Q

describe how attachments for due to classical conditioning

A
  1. before learning- UCS —> UCR
  2. during learning- UCS+CS—> UCR
  3. after learning- CS —> CR
18
Q

Describe operant conditioning

A
  • based on ‘ Law of Effect
  • where actions with a pleasurable outcome are likely to be repeated
  • actions with less a pleasurable outcome are not likely to be repeated
19
Q

What is positive reinforcement

A

receiving something pleasurable for performing a certain behaviour

20
Q

What is negative reinforcement

A

not receiving something non- pleasurable for performing a certain behaviour ( e.g not getting detention for doing work)

21
Q

What is punishment

A

receiving something non-pleasurable for performing a certain behaviour (e.g getting detention for not doing work)

22
Q

What is Bowlby’s monotropic theory

A

the idea that infants have an inbuilt tendency to make an initial attachment with one attachment figure, usually the mother

23
Q

What are social releasers

A

innate, infant social behaviours that stimulate adult interaction and caregiving

24
Q

What is the critical period

A

a specific time period in which an attachment must form

25
Q

What are some social releasers in infants

A

crying- to attract the parents attention
looking, smiling, vocalising- to maintain parental attention and interest
- following and clinging- to gain and maintain proximity to parents

26
Q

What is the strange situation

A

the accepted observational testing method for measuring attachment types

27
Q

What is separation anxiety

A

the degree of distress shown by infants when parted from attachment figures

28
Q

What was Ainsworth’s aims

A

to see how infants between 9 and 18 months act under separation anxiety

29
Q

What was Ainsworth’s type A type of attachment

A

insecure-avoidant
- they are willing to explore
- low stranger anxiety
- unconcerned by separation
- avoid contact on return to caregiver
- caregivers are indifferent to infants needs

30
Q

What was Ainsworth’s type B type of attachment

A

securely attached
- they are willing to explore
- high stranger anxiety
- easy to calm and enthusiastic at return of caregiver
- caregivers are sensitive to infants needs

31
Q

What is Ainsworth’s type C type of attachment

A

insecure resistant
- they are unwilling to explore
- high stranger anxiety
- upset by separation then seek and reject comfort at return of caregiver
- caregivers are ambivalent to infants needs

32
Q

What are cultural variations relating to attachment

A

differences in child-rearing practices and attachment types between different cultural groupings

33
Q

What is Bowlby’s maternal deprivation hypothesis

A

if an attachment bond between an infant and the primary caregiver is broken even short term, it can result in serious and permanent damage to a child’s emotional, social and intellectual development

34
Q

What is short term separation

A
  • it consists of brief, temporary separations from attachment figures (e.g attending day care)
35
Q

Describe the PDD model in short term separation

A

-Protest- immediate reaction to separation involving crying, screaming, kicking and struggling to escape
- Despair- protest is replaced by calmer more apathetic behaviour with anger and fear still inwardly felt
- Detachment- infant responds to people again but treats people wearingly

36
Q

What is privation in terms of long term deprivation

A

-privation is with children who have never formed an attachment bond
- its more likely to lead to lasting damage than deprivation but still can recover

37
Q

What is institutionalisation in terms of long term deprivation

A

the effect upon attachments of care provided by orphanages and residential children’s homes

38
Q

What is affectionless psychopathy

A

an inability to show affection or concern for others

39
Q

What is the continuity hypothesis

A

the idea that there is consistency between early emotional experiences and later relationships