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Psychopathology Flashcards

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1
Q

What are Phobias

A

An anxiety disorder which involve an irrational fear of that is directed towards a particular object or situation. The fear is out of proportion, and often the person with the fear acknowledges this

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2
Q

What are some behavioural symptoms of phobias

A

Avoidance
Freezing or fainting
Crying or screaming
Running away

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3
Q

What are some emotional symptoms of phobia

A

Irrational and persistent fear
Anxiety - constant panic

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4
Q

What are some cognitive symptoms of phobia

A

Selective attention to stimulus
Irrational thinking
resisting logical arguments
Recognition of irrational anxiety

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5
Q

What type of conditioning is used to obtain a phobia

A

Classical Conditioning

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6
Q

What type of conditioning is used to maintain phobia

A

Operant Conditioning

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7
Q

What are the different treatments for phobias

A

Flooding
Systematic Desensitisation

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8
Q

What happens in the flooding treatment for phobias

A

Where the patient is exposed to an extreme form of their phobia. This takes place over a small number of long sessions. Continues until adrenaline levels decrease and patient is calm

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9
Q

Evaluate the flooding treatment for phobias

A

+Cost effective, can be used in virutal reality
- Less effective for certain phobias, can be traumatic

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10
Q

Explain the Systematic Desensitisation treatment for phobias

A

Gradually expose the patient to more extreme forms of their phobia.

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11
Q

Give the three components to systematic desensitation

A

Fier heirachy (grad exposure to heirachy)
Reciprocal inhibition (not possible to be afraid and relaxed together, one emotion cancels the other)
Counterconditioning (fear (CS) is paired with relaxation, becoming the new reaction (CR)

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12
Q

Evaluate Systematic Desensitisation

A

+ Supporting studies such as McGrath (70% of patients treated)
- not effective with all phobias
- low generalisation

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13
Q

What are the two types of depression

A

Unipolar and Bipolar

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14
Q

What are some behavioural effects of depression

A

Loss of energy, changes in sleep pattern, changes in appetite, self harm suicide

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15
Q

What are some emotional effects of depression

A

Depressed mood, feeling of worthlessness, no motiviation, anger

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16
Q

What are some cognitive effects of depression

A

Poor concentration, negative mindset, absolutist thinking (black and white thinking)

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17
Q

What approach is used to explain depression

A

Cognitive

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18
Q

What are the cognitive explanations for depression

A

Thoughts and beliefs are factors in causing depression
Irrational thinking make a person vulnerable
People with depression show cognitive distortions (irrational thinking)

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19
Q

What cognitive theories aim to explain depression

A

Beck’s Cognitive Triad
Ellis’ Irrational Thinking (ABC model)

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20
Q

Explain Beck’s Cognitive Triad

A

Depressed people’s thoughts are biased towards negative interpretations. Depression is caused by negative thoughts and self-schemas which maintain the cognitive triad. These thoughts occur automatically

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21
Q

What is the negative triad in Beck’s cognitive triad

A

There are three types of negative thinking that contribute to depression: negative views of the world, the self, and the future.

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22
Q

What are negative self schemas

A

Set of beliefs and expectations which are self-blaming and pessimistic. A schema is a package of ideas and information developed through experience. A self-schema is the package of information we have about ourselves.

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23
Q

How do negative schemas contribute to depression

A

Due to the irrational perspective of the world, depressed people see the world in a more negative light leading to cognitive distortions

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24
Q

What are cognitive distortions

A

Logical errors focusing on certain aspects of the scenario while ignoring relevant info. Focusing on negatives, ignoring positives.

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25
Q

What are some examples of cognitive distortions

A

Overgeneralization - making a sweeping conclusion on the basis of one event
Minimisation - Tendency to underplay a positive even

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26
Q

What does the ABC model in Ellis’ model stand for

A

Activating event triggers…
Beliefs which are irrational. This produces…
Consequences - an emotional response

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27
Q

Explain the Activating Event in the ABC model

A

We get depressed when we experience negative events such as ending a relationship. This then goes on to trigger irrational thoughts

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28
Q

Explain the Belief in the ABC model

A

Ellis identified many irrational beliefs, such as focusing only negative or thinking we must be perfect

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29
Q

Explain the Consequences in the ABC model

A

When an activating event triggers irrational beliefs there are emotional and behavioural consequence

30
Q

How does the ABC model align with the cognitive approach

A

Takes it account that the cognitive approahc is concerneed with thinking and information processing

31
Q

Evaluate to the cognitive approach to explaining depression

A

+Application (CBT and REBT)
- Doesn’t explain origin of irrational thoughts

32
Q

What are the two cognitive treatments for depression

A

CBT and REBT

33
Q

What does CBT stand for

A

Cognitive behaviour therapy

34
Q

What are the two elements of CBT

A

Cognitive - identify and alter dysfunctional thinking
Behavioural - alter dysfunctional behaviours that contribute to depression

35
Q

What are the two strands of CBT based on

A

Beck and Ellis’ Theories

36
Q

Outline the start to both methods of CBT

A

Therapist and patient identify problems, then agree on a set of goals and actions to achieve goals. Patient and therpaist with then challenge the thoughts with evidence. Patient is given homework.

37
Q

What happens in Beck’s cognitive theory

A

Help identify negative thoughts in relation to themselves, their worl and their future

38
Q

What happens in Ellis Rationol-Emotive Behaviour THerapy

A

Techniques sucha s emprical argument and logical arguments are used

39
Q

What is the Behavioural Action treatment of depression

A

Depressed individuals gradually decrease their avoidance and isolation by doing activities such as exercising

40
Q

What are the 4 ways of determining abnormality

A

Deviation from Social Norms
Statistical Infrequency
Failure to Function
Deviation from Ideal mental health

41
Q

Explain ‘Deviation from Social Norms’ in terms of Abnormality

A

When behaviours goes against unwritten social rules and expectations.

42
Q

Evaluate ‘Deviation from Social Norms’ in terms of Abnormality

A

+ Used in clinical practive
+ Takes into account behaviour affects others
- Cultural and contextual differences
- Social norms vary with time

43
Q

Explain ‘Statistical Infrequency’ in terms of Abnormality

A

Defines abnormality using statistics. Worked out using mean mode and median.

44
Q

Evaluate ‘Statistical Infrequency’ in terms of Abnormality

A

+ Based on real data
+used in clinical practice
- Some statistically rare beahviour is desirable (High IQ)
- Issues with where the cut off point is

45
Q

Explain ‘Failure to function ‘ in terms of Abnormality

A

Judges abnormality by how much it affects day to day life and how much it distresses others

46
Q

Evaluate ‘Failure to function’ in terms of Abnormality

A

+Recognises patients perspective
+ Sensible threshold for when people need professional help
- Not all disorders distress the patient
- Can be subjective

47
Q

Explain ‘Deviation from ideal mental health’ in terms of Abnormality

A

Compares the patient’s mental health to an ideal mental health. This includes criteria such as having an accurate view of the world and being independent of others

48
Q

Who came up with the Deviation from ideal mental health explanation for abnormality

A

Jahoda

49
Q

Evaluate ‘Deviation from ideal mental health’ in terms of Abnormality

A

+ Positive holistic approach to diagnosis, focuses on positives
+ Distinguishes mental health from illness
- Criteria can be too strictt
- Criteria is subjective

50
Q

What approach is used to explain OCD

A

Biological

51
Q

What are the behavioural effects of OCD

A

Compulsive behaviours that the sufferer feel they must do

52
Q

What are the cognitive effects of OCD

A

Obsessive thoughts and urges that are unwanted

53
Q

Describe the cycle of OCD

A

When the suffer does the action they feel urged to do, it reinforces this behaviour, creating a worsening cycle of OCD

54
Q

What are some behavioural charcteristics of OCD

A

Compulsive repetitive behaviours (eg. hand washing)
Avoidance (such as avioding germs)

55
Q

What are some emotional effects of OCD

A

Depression
Anxiety
Irrational guilt

56
Q

What are some cognitive effects of OCD

A

Obsessive thoughts
Awareness of the irrational thoughts
Sometimes Hypervigilant

57
Q

What are the two genetic explanations to OCD

A

Genes - genetic explanation suggest OCD is inherited, making them more vulnerable
Neural - Abnormal levels of neurotransmitters are implicated with OCD

58
Q

What is meant by candidate genes

A

Genes responsible for OCD involved in the production of serotonin and dopamine

59
Q

How many genes did Taylor (2003) suggest are involved in OCD

A

230, the genetic causes are polygenic

60
Q

What were the results of Nestdadt’s study into OCD in twins

A

68% of identical twins shared OCD, 31% of non-identical twins shared OCD

61
Q

What is the Diathesis-Stress Model

A

That disorders develop from a genetic vulnerability, and are triggered by stressful events.

62
Q

What are the two types of neural explanations for OCD

A

Neurotransmitters
Structure of the Brain

63
Q

What does low levels of serotonin cause

A

Mood swings, depression, impulsivity

64
Q

Why is the neurotransmitter serotonin associated with OCD

A

Antidepressants that increase serotonin have been shown to reduce OCD symtpoms

65
Q

What do high levels of dopamine cause

A

High levels of concentration, showing why people with OCD obsess over things

66
Q

How does OCD affect decision making

A

Some cases of OCD are associated with impaired decision making (such as hoarding). This is associated with the frontal lobe (responsible for decision making)

67
Q

What two parts of the brain are involved in OCD

A

Basal Ganglia
Orbitofrontal cortex

68
Q

Evaluate explaining OCD with the biological approach

A

+ research in family studies (nestadt)
- no brain system which has consistently been found to play a role in OCD

69
Q

What is the main biological way of treating OCD

A

Drug therapu

70
Q

What two types of drugs are often used in drug therapy for OCD

A

Antidepressants, anti-anxiety

71
Q

What are the preferred drugs for OCD

A

SSRI (selective serotonin reuptake inhibitoy). Increase the amount of serotonin in the synaose

72
Q

Evaluate treating OCD with drugs

A

+Effectively tackles symptoms
+cost effective
-not a cure
-side effects

Psychology (8 decks)

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