Memory Flashcards
What does the MSM stand for and consist of?
Multistore Model
Sensory
STM
LTM
What does STM and LTM stand for?
Short Term Memory
Long Term Memory
How do you move sensory information into the STM?
Attention
How does data in STM move to the LTM
Elaborate Rehearsal
How is data kept in the STM?
Maintenance Rehearsal
Name the duration and capacity of the sensory register
250 milliseconds, High capacity
Name the type of coding used for the STM and LTM, and who discovered it and how
Acoustic (STM), Semantic (LTM), discovered by Baddeley (used 4 word lists)
Capacity of STM, discovered by who and how
5+-2, discovered by miller by chunking (chunk miller)
Capacity of LTM
Unlimited
Duration of STM, who and how
18-30 seconds, Peter and Peterson trigrams
Duration of LTM, who and how
Forever, Bahrick used photos and asked people to recall
Name the three types of LTM
Episodic, Semantic, Procedural
Describe Episodic LTM and give an example
Memories which are specific to you, such as events, birthdays, holidays etc.
Describe Semantic LTM and give an example
The Knowledge of the world / General Knowledge, such as the capital of France, the chord of D, the cost of an apple etc.
Describe Procedural LTM and give an example
Remembering how to do something manual, such as playing instrument, riding a bike. This is very hard to forget, hard to explain, “muscle memory”
What does WMM stand for, and why was it made
Working memory model, people started to say that the STM was active
Name the 4 parts of the WMM
Central Executive, Phonological Loop, Visuospatial Sketchpad, Episodic Buffer
Name the Purpose of the Central Executive
Monitors data from VSS and PL, and allocates resources accordingly
Describe the Capacity and Coding of the Central Executive
Capacity: Limited
Coding : Modality Free
Describe the purpose of the Phonological Loop
Stores words you hear. Rehearses words being processed
What are the two parts of the Phonological Loop?
Phonological Store (Inner Ear) , Articulatory Process (Inner Voice)
What is the Capacity and Coding type of the Phonological Loop?
Capacity: 2 seconds worth of information
Coding: Acoustic
What is the purpose of the Visuospatial Sketchpad
Store Visual data in visual cache. Manipulate / arrange images in visual field
What is the capacity and coding type of the Visuospatial Sketchpad
Capacity: 3-4 objects
Coding Type: Visual
Describe the Purpose of the Episodic Buffer
Brings together information processed by the PL and VSS. Maintains a sense of time. Links to the LTM
Describe the Capacity and Coding type of the Episodic Buffer
Capacity: Limited, about 4 chunks
Coding Type: Modality Free
Who researched the WMM?
Baddeley
Explain may find looking at photos and listening to music easy, but struggles to talk to someone while reading a book
Listening to music and looking at photos use different slave systems (PL and VSS), so can occur with eachother easily. However talking and reading a book both use the PL, and so are hard to do at the same time
What is it called when you can’t remember something?
Retrieval Failure
What is it called when trying to remember something new, you get it confused with something old?
Retroactive Interference
What is it called when trying to remember something old, you get it confused with something new?
Proactive Interference
What is the name of the two types of cues?
Contextual, State
What is a contextual cue associated with?
The environemnt where it happened
What is a state cue associated with?
The mental state you were in, e.g. drunk, fear
Name a case study which studied state cues
Baddeley, divers in scotland. Rembering and recalling words either underwater or on land. Results showed that people rememberd more when in the state they learnt the things
What does EWT stand for?
Eye Witness Testimony
Who studied Leading Questions, and what did they do?
Loftus and Palmer. Showed volunteers a video of cars colliding with eachother. Then later asked participants to say which speed cars were going at, however used different words (“smashed, bumped, collided”). The more aggressive the word, the higher the speed they predicted. Also asked if the glass broke, most said yes even though it didn’t
What was the Johnsonn and Scott study? (Hint : to do with EWT anxiety)
Participants heard an argument, then saw someone walk out with either a blood w/ knife, or a pen with grease. Most people only focused on the weapon, and were unable to correctly identify the man
Why might the argument of stress affecting EWT be unreliable?
A study was once carried out where people had to recognise someone after seeing them with an object. People recalled the least when the person had a raw chicken, as it was unusual. Therefore, there is an argument that unusualness affects eyewitness testiomny more than stress
Explain ‘tunnel vision’
when you focus only on the weapon due to stress
What are schemars?
Memory is a reconstruction, not an exact video of something. Therefore, schemars in the brain try to make sense of what you are remembering while reconstructing
What is the 1st stage of cognitive interview?
Report Everything - Witnesses report all they now, as memories are interconnected. By reporting even seemingly meaningless details, this may give a cue to something very important
What is the 2nd stage of cognitive interview
Reinsate the context. Imagine feelings, emotions around you at the time (gives more cues)
What is the 3rd stage of cognitive interview
Reverse the order. By recalling things in a non-chronological way, the schemars may reconstruct memory differently and give a crucial detail. Sometimes after remembering what happened, witnesses may have got things wrong. By re-remembering it, things may be done differently
What is the 4th and final stage of cognitive interview
Change the Perspective. Imagine yourself as other people at the crime. Can give some more cues
What is ECI?
Enhanced Cognitive Interview. Reduced anxiety and more relaxed. Interiewers don’t interrupt, there are only open questions
What is MCI?
Modern Cognitive Interview. Only uses first 2 stages of cognitive interview, done if there is less time. It is less complex, and helps children as they struggle to reverse order and change perspective.
