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Psychology > Memory > Flashcards

Memory Flashcards

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1
Q

What does the MSM stand for and consist of?

A

Multistore Model
Sensory
STM
LTM

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2
Q

What does STM and LTM stand for?

A

Short Term Memory
Long Term Memory

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3
Q

How do you move sensory information into the STM?

A

Attention

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4
Q

How does data in STM move to the LTM

A

Elaborate Rehearsal

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5
Q

How is data kept in the STM?

A

Maintenance Rehearsal

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6
Q

Name the duration and capacity of the sensory register

A

250 milliseconds, High capacity

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7
Q

Name the type of coding used for the STM and LTM, and who discovered it and how

A

Acoustic (STM), Semantic (LTM), discovered by Baddeley (used 4 word lists)

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8
Q

Capacity of STM, discovered by who and how

A

5+-2, discovered by miller by chunking (chunk miller)

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9
Q

Capacity of LTM

A

Unlimited

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10
Q

Duration of STM, who and how

A

18-30 seconds, Peter and Peterson trigrams

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11
Q

Duration of LTM, who and how

A

Forever, Bahrick used photos and asked people to recall

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12
Q

Name the three types of LTM

A

Episodic, Semantic, Procedural

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13
Q

Describe Episodic LTM and give an example

A

Memories which are specific to you, such as events, birthdays, holidays etc.

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14
Q

Describe Semantic LTM and give an example

A

The Knowledge of the world / General Knowledge, such as the capital of France, the chord of D, the cost of an apple etc.

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15
Q

Describe Procedural LTM and give an example

A

Remembering how to do something manual, such as playing instrument, riding a bike. This is very hard to forget, hard to explain, “muscle memory”

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16
Q

What does WMM stand for, and why was it made

A

Working memory model, people started to say that the STM was active

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17
Q

Name the 4 parts of the WMM

A

Central Executive, Phonological Loop, Visuospatial Sketchpad, Episodic Buffer

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18
Q

Name the Purpose of the Central Executive

A

Monitors data from VSS and PL, and allocates resources accordingly

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19
Q

Describe the Capacity and Coding of the Central Executive

A

Capacity: Limited
Coding : Modality Free

20
Q

Describe the purpose of the Phonological Loop

A

Stores words you hear. Rehearses words being processed

21
Q

What are the two parts of the Phonological Loop?

A

Phonological Store (Inner Ear) , Articulatory Process (Inner Voice)

22
Q

What is the Capacity and Coding type of the Phonological Loop?

A

Capacity: 2 seconds worth of information
Coding: Acoustic

23
Q

What is the purpose of the Visuospatial Sketchpad

A

Store Visual data in visual cache. Manipulate / arrange images in visual field

24
Q

What is the capacity and coding type of the Visuospatial Sketchpad

A

Capacity: 3-4 objects
Coding Type: Visual

25
Q

Describe the Purpose of the Episodic Buffer

A

Brings together information processed by the PL and VSS. Maintains a sense of time. Links to the LTM

26
Q

Describe the Capacity and Coding type of the Episodic Buffer

A

Capacity: Limited, about 4 chunks
Coding Type: Modality Free

27
Q

Who researched the WMM?

A

Baddeley

28
Q

Explain may find looking at photos and listening to music easy, but struggles to talk to someone while reading a book

A

Listening to music and looking at photos use different slave systems (PL and VSS), so can occur with eachother easily. However talking and reading a book both use the PL, and so are hard to do at the same time

29
Q

What is it called when you can’t remember something?

A

Retrieval Failure

30
Q

What is it called when trying to remember something new, you get it confused with something old?

A

Retroactive Interference

31
Q

What is it called when trying to remember something old, you get it confused with something new?

A

Proactive Interference

32
Q

What is the name of the two types of cues?

A

Contextual, State

33
Q

What is a contextual cue associated with?

A

The environemnt where it happened

34
Q

What is a state cue associated with?

A

The mental state you were in, e.g. drunk, fear

35
Q

Name a case study which studied state cues

A

Baddeley, divers in scotland. Rembering and recalling words either underwater or on land. Results showed that people rememberd more when in the state they learnt the things

36
Q

What does EWT stand for?

A

Eye Witness Testimony

37
Q

Who studied Leading Questions, and what did they do?

A

Loftus and Palmer. Showed volunteers a video of cars colliding with eachother. Then later asked participants to say which speed cars were going at, however used different words (“smashed, bumped, collided”). The more aggressive the word, the higher the speed they predicted. Also asked if the glass broke, most said yes even though it didn’t

38
Q

What was the Johnsonn and Scott study? (Hint : to do with EWT anxiety)

A

Participants heard an argument, then saw someone walk out with either a blood w/ knife, or a pen with grease. Most people only focused on the weapon, and were unable to correctly identify the man

39
Q

Why might the argument of stress affecting EWT be unreliable?

A

A study was once carried out where people had to recognise someone after seeing them with an object. People recalled the least when the person had a raw chicken, as it was unusual. Therefore, there is an argument that unusualness affects eyewitness testiomny more than stress

40
Q

Explain ‘tunnel vision’

A

when you focus only on the weapon due to stress

41
Q

What are schemars?

A

Memory is a reconstruction, not an exact video of something. Therefore, schemars in the brain try to make sense of what you are remembering while reconstructing

42
Q

What is the 1st stage of cognitive interview?

A

Report Everything - Witnesses report all they now, as memories are interconnected. By reporting even seemingly meaningless details, this may give a cue to something very important

43
Q

What is the 2nd stage of cognitive interview

A

Reinsate the context. Imagine feelings, emotions around you at the time (gives more cues)

44
Q

What is the 3rd stage of cognitive interview

A

Reverse the order. By recalling things in a non-chronological way, the schemars may reconstruct memory differently and give a crucial detail. Sometimes after remembering what happened, witnesses may have got things wrong. By re-remembering it, things may be done differently

45
Q

What is the 4th and final stage of cognitive interview

A

Change the Perspective. Imagine yourself as other people at the crime. Can give some more cues

46
Q

What is ECI?

A

Enhanced Cognitive Interview. Reduced anxiety and more relaxed. Interiewers don’t interrupt, there are only open questions

47
Q

What is MCI?

A

Modern Cognitive Interview. Only uses first 2 stages of cognitive interview, done if there is less time. It is less complex, and helps children as they struggle to reverse order and change perspective.

Psychology (8 decks)

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