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Introduction To Neuroscience > Psychopathology > Flashcards

Psychopathology Flashcards

1
Q

affects 1% of people

A

schizophrenia

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2
Q
  • dissociative thinking
  • impaired logical thought
A

key symptom of schizophrenia

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3
Q

abnormal behaviors that are gained

A

positive symptoms of schizophrenia

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4
Q

result from lost functions

A

negative symptoms of schizophrenia

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5
Q
  • hallucinations
  • delusions
  • excited motor behavior
  • usually acute
  • more likely to respond to antipsychotic medications
A

postive symptoms

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6
Q
  • slow thought and speech
  • emotional and social withdrawal
  • blunted affect or emotional expression
A

negative symptoms

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7
Q
  • disorganized thoughts
  • difficulty concentrating and following instructions
A

cognitive symptoms of schizophrenia

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8
Q

is partly heritable

A

schizophrenia

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9
Q
  • environmental exposures combine with your genetic vulnerability
  • occurs if a threshold is exceeded
A

schizophrenia causes

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10
Q

__________ __________ upregulate and downregulate gene function

A

Environmental factors

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11
Q

people with the same genome can have different outcomes

A

characteristic of epigenetics

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12
Q

some brain defects in schizophrenia apparently stem from environmental exposure during _________

A

pregnancy

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13
Q

pyramidal neurons in hippocampus are ________ in schizophrenia

A

disorganized

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14
Q

accelerated loss of _____ _____ in teens with schizophrenia

A

gray matter

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15
Q

under activity of temporal and frontal lobes

A

‘hypofrontality’ schizophrenia

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16
Q

accelerated aging and neuron loss

A

loss of gray matter and less metabolic activity in frontal and temporal lobes

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17
Q

schizophrenia results from _______ synaptic _________ or increased postsynaptic sensitivity to it

A

excess, dopamine

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18
Q

are DA antagonists

A

Neuroleptics

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19
Q

use produces a schizophrenia-like syndrome

A

chronic amphetamine

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20
Q

of Parkinson may produce psychosis

A

L-dopa treatment

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21
Q

treatment of schizophrenia with _______ _____ can produce Parkinson symptoms

A

anti dopamine drugs

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22
Q

are higher in schizophrenics

A

D2 levels in auditory thalamus

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23
Q

all current antipsychotic drugs modulate function of the

A

dopamine D2 receptor

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24
Q
  • schizophrenics have normal DA metabolite levels
  • drugs block DA receptors much faster than symptoms are reduced
  • positive symptoms respond better to DA blocking drugs
  • some patients don’t improve on anti dopamine drugs
A

Problems with the dopamine (DA) hypothesis

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25
Q
  • Risperidone, Abilify
  • block serotonin (5HT2) receptors and D2 receptors
  • some increase dopamine in frontal cortex
A

Atypical neuroleptic drugs

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26
Q

schizophrenia is due to ________ of glutamate receptors

A

under activation

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27
Q
  • is an NMDA receptor antagonist
  • prevents glutamate from acting normally
A

PCP

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28
Q

If NMDA receptor under activation is ________, symptoms of acute schizophrenia emerge

A

prolonged

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29
Q

decrease glutamate repute by down regulating glutamate transporter gene (increasing synaptic glutamate levels)

A

atypical antipsychotics

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30
Q

overactivity of endocannabinoids

A

schizophrenia

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31
Q

act on CB1 receptors

A

Endocannabinoids (EC)

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32
Q

is inhibitory modulator of other neurotransmitters

A

CB1 receptor

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33
Q

are elevated in CSF of schizophrenics

A

EC levels

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34
Q

show increased CB1 receptor binding

A

Post-mortem brains

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35
Q

can precipitate psychosis and schizophrenia in at-risk patients

A

THC in cannabis

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36
Q

can worsen symptoms and prognosis in diagnosed schizophrenia patients

A

THC

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37
Q

the most common mood disorder

A

Depression

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38
Q
  • sad mood
  • feeling worthless or guilty
  • fatigue/ lack of energy
  • loss of interest or pleasure in activities
  • problems concentrating and thinking
  • increased or decreased appetite & weight
  • changes in pattern of sleep
  • suicidal thoughts or plans
A

Depression

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39
Q
  • normal reaction to life events
  • mood described as ‘blue’
  • few other symptoms
  • short duration (hours/days)
  • little if any impairment in functioning
A

‘Normal’ depression

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40
Q
  • mood described as ‘black’
  • many symptoms
  • long duration (weeks/months)
  • significant impairment in functioning (can be debilitating)
A

Clinical depression

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41
Q

of emotional orbitofrontal cortex and amygdala (brain activity patterns in depression)

A

Increased activity (blood flow)

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42
Q

of areas involving attention and language (brain activity patterns in depression)

A

Decreased activity (blood flow)

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43
Q

depression is due to ________ synaptic activity of _______ and _______

A

reduced, norepinephrine, serotonin

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44
Q

depression is due reduced synaptic activity of norepinephrine serotonin

A

monoamine hypothesis

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45
Q

inactivates monoamines

A

MAO

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46
Q
  • reduces monoamines
  • can cause depression
A

Reserpine

47
Q

treatment with MAO inhibitors raises level of monoamines at synapse, and ________ __________

A

improves depression

48
Q

inhibiting reuptake of 5-HT, or binding to presynaptic, or inhibiting monoamine oxidase

A

How all antidepressants work via

49
Q

5HT or NE autoreceptors, thus enhancing neurotransmitter release

A

binding to presynaptic

50
Q

thereby reducing neurotransmitter breakdown

A

inhibiting monoamine oxidase

51
Q

overactive serotonin autoreceptors impair serotonin release

A

Depression

52
Q

autoreceptor activation decreases ____ release

A

5HT

53
Q

depressed patients have overactive _______

A

autoreceptors

54
Q

autoreceptor function & number ______ over weeks of SSRI use, increasing neuronal firing and serotonin release

A

declines

55
Q

a ____ _____ _____ between treatment onset and reduction of symptoms

A

long lag time

56
Q

antidepressants have roughly ____ response in primary care setting

A

60%

57
Q

is an imbalance of the immune system, stress system, and gut microbiota

A

depression

58
Q

drug-induced seizures alleviated depression

A

Early finding

59
Q

ECT

A

Electroconvulsive shock therapy

60
Q

ECT raises _______ levels

A

monoamine

61
Q

ECT increases ______ of postsynaptic serotonin receptors

A

sensitivity

62
Q

sensitivity of presynaptic autoreceptors is _______, which ______ norepinephrine & dopamine release

A

reduced, increases

63
Q

suicidal ideation that requires immediate alleviation

A

ECT now used in severe depression

64
Q

short-term remission rate of ECT is _____

A

87%

65
Q

long-term remission rate of ECT is _____

A

43%

66
Q

produces effects similar to traditional ECT

A

Fast TMS (transcranial magnetic stimulation)

67
Q

of the anterior cingulate gyrus & median forebrain bundle also produces immediate effects

A

deep brain stimulation

68
Q

gradually relieves depression

A

stimulation of the vagus nerve

69
Q
  • SSRI
  • SNRI
  • TCA (tricyclics)
  • MAO inhibitors
A

Antidepressants (equal efficiency)

70
Q

glutamate and ketamine

A

stress and depression

71
Q
  • is due to impaired serotonin release
  • due to autoreceptor over-expression
A

Depression

72
Q

ketamine causes upsurge in __________

A

glutamate

73
Q
  • causes upsurge in glutamate
  • restoring synaptic function
  • likely replace ECT for treatment of severe acute depression
A

ketamine

74
Q

______ is disturbed in depression

A

sleep

75
Q

_____ _____-_____ sleep is reduced, fragmented

A

deep slow-wave

76
Q

patients enter ____ sleep quickly, with ______ REM sleep in first half of night

A

REM, increased

77
Q

individuals alternate (cycle) between depression and mania

A

bipolar disorder

78
Q
  • delusions
  • hallucinations
  • paranoia
  • bizarre behavior
  • similar to schizophrenia
A

Bipolar psychotic symptoms

79
Q
  • excess energy
  • confidence
  • grandiose thinking
  • little need to sleep
  • hypersexual drive
  • drug abuse
A

Mania symptoms

80
Q

one gene affected in bipolar disorder is _____

A

clock

81
Q

______ is regular in some and unpredictable in others

A

cycling

82
Q

_____ ______ varies from days to months

A

cycle length

83
Q

activity varies with mood state

A

ventral prefrontal cortex (box)

84
Q

is up to 40% smaller in people who are depressed

A

ventromedial cortex

85
Q

neuron number is normal, but ____ ____ are much reduced

A

glial cells

86
Q

activity increases in _______ _______ ______ at start of manic period, so it may be a ‘bipolar switch’

A

subgenual prefrontal cortex

87
Q

a mild form of bipolar disorder

A

cyclothymia

88
Q

mild depression

A

dysthymia

89
Q

increased energy

A

hypomania

90
Q

intense irrational fears centered on an object, activity, or situation

A

phobic disorders

91
Q

recurrent attacks of intense fearfulness

A

panic disorder

92
Q

persistent, excessive worry

A

generalized anxiety disorder

93
Q

recurrent uncontrollable (irrational) thoughts (germs)

A

obsessions

94
Q
  • uncontrollable need to perform certain acts over and over (hand-washing, counting rituals, checking doors)
  • peak onset is 25 to 44 years of age
A

compulsions

95
Q

an ______ is a recurring thought: an annoying tune or wishing harm to another person

A

obsession

96
Q

a ______ individual is compelled to do repetitive behaviors

A

compulsive

97
Q

antidepressants help by, reducing _____ _______ sensitivity

A

serotonin autorectopr

98
Q

______ and ______ blockers help other patients

A

antipsychotics, glutamate

99
Q

_______ activate DLPFC more than normal during stroop test

A

OCD

100
Q

OCD patients have _______ _______ in orbital frontal cortex and caudate nuclei (basal ganglia)

A

increased activity

101
Q

surgery to _______ orbitofrontal cortex from anterior cingulate cortex produces long-lasting improvement

A

disconnect

102
Q

supported by efficacy of SSRIs

A

serotonin

103
Q
  • MRN
  • DRN
A

Raphe is site of 2 major nuclei

104
Q
  • limbic/ prefrontal cortex
  • mediates fear/anxiety
A

MRN

105
Q
  • prefrontal cortex
  • basal ganglia
  • thalamus
  • PAG
  • modulates cognitive/ behavioral components
A

DRN

106
Q

_____ also treats anxiety

A

Benzodiazepines

107
Q

bind to GABA receptors to enhance _____ _____ actions

A

GABA inhibitory

108
Q

_____ ________ therapy works best for specific phobia

A

behavioral desensitization

109
Q

_______-________ with alcohol is common

A

self-medication

110
Q

_______ ______ is related to OCD

A

Tourette’s syndrome

111
Q

a disorder of motor and phonic tics and behavioral/ cognitive deficits

A

Tourette’s syndrome

112
Q

activation of ______ ______ during tics

A

basal ganglia

113
Q
  • Walter freeman
  • done to people with all sorts of psychiatric disorders
  • remission of symptoms in many patients but personality is severely affected
  • now rarely performed
A

Frontal lobotomy

Introduction To Neuroscience (4 decks)

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