Learning and Memory Flashcards
1
Q
- Korsakoff syndrome
- alcohol abuse
- nystagmus and dysmetria
- gait was mildly ataxic
A
Oscar
2
Q
‘______ ______ is absolutely dynamic’
A
Human memory
3
Q
are not statically ‘archived’ in neocortex but are subject to constant chance by various influences
A
Memories
4
Q
different memories have different _____ ______
A
time courses
5
Q
- outlasts STM but not permanent
- what you ate yesterday
A
Intermediate-term
6
Q
is the process of storing new information
A
Learning
7
Q
ability to store information
A
memory (a process)
8
Q
specific information stored in a brain
A
memory (a content)
9
Q
Remembering your first day in school (about you)
A
Episodic
10
Q
Knowing the capital of France (about something random)
A
Semantic
11
Q
Knowing how to ride a bicycle (showing how to do it)
A
Skill learning
12
Q
- surgery removed amygdala, hippocampus, and temporal cortex on both sides
- profound anterograde amnesia
- short term memory normal
A
Henry Molaison (Patient H.M.)
13
Q
H.M.’s memory deficit was severe, but only on _____ _____
A
verbal tasks
14
Q
- radar tech
- was stabbed through his right nostril, then leftward into his brain
- damage to mediodorsal thalamus, mammillary bodies
- normal short term memory but cannot form long term declarative memory
A
Patient N.A.
15
Q
Patient N.A. had damage to the ________ _________ and _______ _________
A
mediodorsal thalamus, mammillary bodies
16
Q
- amnesia caused by a lack of thiamine
- especially in chronic alcoholics (Oscar)
A
Korsakoff syndrome
17
Q
- rode his motorcycle off an exit ramp
- was comatose with dilated fixed pupils
- had a bilateral hippocampal injury
A
Patient K.C.
18
Q
Patient K.C.’s diagnosis
A
bilateral hippocampal injury
19
Q
- can acquire new semantic memories
- ex: layout of his house
A
K.C.’s semantic knowledge is spared
20
Q
- no personal details can be recalled
- ex: severe injury at families cottage that caused surgery and crutches for over 6 months
A
K.C.’s episodic memory is obliterated
21
Q
- not importance of information
- helps memory
A
emotional arousal
22
Q
- person experiences their first kiss
- body is strongly aroused
- context is obvious
A
Initial experience
23
Q
Seperate nodes for emotions, sounds, smells, colors, tactile and other sensations
A
Memory is stored un network
24
Q
- unwanted recall of fearful stimuli creates a fee-forward loop
- each recall causes emotional reaction that reinforces that memory
A
Post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)
25
- increases serotonin and oxytocin
- inhibits the amygdala
- now approved for PTSD treatment
Ecstasy
26
words and pictures are linked in our ______
brain (in the corpus colosseum)
27
________ is not location of long-term memory
Hippocampus
28
- of memory involves hippocampus
- takes time to occur
- vulnerable
- changed upon recall/restorage
Consolidation
29
after learning enhances memory processing in hippocampus
sleep
30
sleep induces _______ _______ between hippocampus and medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC)
information transfer
31
This transfer _____ ______, so new memories become stable
consolidates memories
32
_______ is changed upon recall/restorage
Memory (eye-witness testimony)
33
- 'it hit' vs 'it smashed'
- higher speed when 'smashed' vs 'hit'
- broken glass seen when 'smashed'
Elizabeth Loftus (car accident)
34
- encoding episodic memories
- retrieving episodic memories
Hippocampal memory system
35
- sensorimotor skills
- perceptual skills
- cognitive skills
skill learning
36
mirror tracing
sensorimotor skills
37
learning to read mirror-reversed text
perceptual skills
38
planning and problem solving
cognitive skills
39
- new declarative memories
- temporal/spatial memory
hippocampus
40
- memories that involve emotions
- PTSD, fear
amygdala
41
- source memory
- 'memory for context in which something was learned'
- remembering how you learned something
prefrontal cortex
42
Older people show impaired internally generated memory, but respond well to ______ _____
external cues
43
_______ and _______ memories remain stable
autobiographical, semantic
44
- spreads through the brain
- cerebral cortex shrinks as neurons die
Alzheimer dementia (disease)
45
- loss of recent memory
- faulty judgment
- personality changes
mild alzheimer progression
46
- verbal and physical aggression
- agitation
- wandering
- sleep disturbances
- delusions
moderate alzheimer progression
47
- loss of all reasoning
- bedridden
- incontinence
severe alzheimer progression
48
extracellular accumulation of beta-A4 amyloid
plaques
49
intracellular accumulation of tau
neurofibrillary tangles
50
protein ___ stabilizes microtubules
tau
51
In AD, tau changes so microtubules ______
collapse
52
tau proteins _____ to form neurofibrillary tangles
clump
53
______ converts tau from a normal to a toxic state
AmyloidB
54
amyloid and tau _____ ___ in brains of Alzheimer patients
build up
55
AmyloidB is produced from amyloid precursor protein in membrane of neurons
Build up part 1
56
in synapses between neurons, amyloidB clumps (plaques)
Build up part 2
57
amyloidB clumps outside and in blood vessels active microglial cells to release inflammatory chemicals
Build up part 4
58
misfiled tau aggregates into neurofibrillary tangles inside neurons
Build up part 5
59
misfiled tau passes through synapses to other neurons, where it triggers further misfolding of tau
Build up part 6
60
process repeats and the disease spreads from neuron to neuron
Build up part 7
61
- forgetting where you left things
- having troubling remembering what you just read
- walking into a room and forgetting why you entered
- not being able to retrieve information
- blocking (calling someone by a different name)
Normal forgetfulness
62
mechanisms of memory stage
change in synapses
63
first proposed that memory is stored as an anatomical change in the strength of neural connections
Ramón y Cajal (1894)
64
a synapse is ______ if it can change the strength with which it affects its target
plastic
65
________ changes at synapses store memory
anatomical
66
- presynaptic, postsynaptic, or both
- increased neurotransmitter release, or effectiveness of receptors
anatomical changes at synapses store memory
67
inputs from other neurons _____ or _____ neurotransmitter release
increase, decrease
68
- if presynaptic axon & postsynaptic neuron are active at the same time-synapse is strengthened
- if presynaptic axon is active but postsynaptic neuron is inactive- synapse is weakened
Don Hebb's hypothesis
69
Rats raised in enriched condition (Manhattan) had
- behavioral benefits
- cerebral changes
70
- promoted better learning and problem solving
- aided recovery from conditions such as malnutrition
- protected against age-related decline in memory
Behavioral benefits
71
What happens to neuron structure to produce a memory?
Dendritic spines changing
72
LTP
Long - term potentiation
73
Synapses in LTP are like
Hebb synapses
74
Tetanus drives repeated firing
Synapses in LTP #1
75
Postsynaptic targets fire repeatedly due to stimulation
Synapses in LTP #2
76
Synapses get stronger
Synapses in LTP #3
77
AMPA and NMDA receptors in LTP in _______
hippocampus
78
glutamate first activates AMPA receptors
Receptors in LTP in Hippocampus #1
79
NMDA receptors do not respond until enough AMPA receptors are simulated to partly depolarize neuron
Receptors in LTP in Hippocampus #2
80
NMDA receptors at rest have a magnesium ion block their calcium channels
Receptors in LTP in Hippocampus #3
81
after partial depolarization Mg++ is removed & NMDA receptors allows Ca++ to enter in response to glutamate
Receptors in LTP in Hippocampus #4
82
the large Ca++ influx activates protein kinases
- enzymes that phosphorylate (activate) many things
Receptors in LTP in Hippocampus #5
83
Now there are 2 AMPA receptors in membrane, which unblock more NMDA receptors
Receptors in LTP in Hippocampus #6
84
AMPA up regulation is _____-______
short-lived
85
CREB binds to DNA promoter regions
neurochemical cascade during induction of LTP #7
86
CREB changes the transcription rate of genes
neurochemical cascade during induction of LTP #8
87
these genes produce proteins to change ______ ______ and contribute to LTP
synapse structure
88
other proteins block CREB's ability to affect gene transcription
long-term potentiation
89
they compete with CREB for binding sites and thereby _____ formation of long-term memories
disrupt
90
- increasing postsynaptic receptors
- increasing transmitter release
LTP increases effectiveness of synapses by
91
in normal aging, hippocampal atrophy reflects change in its volume, but not loss of _______, may be a loss of dendritic branches, decreased cell size, or loss of glial cells
neurons
92
loss of dendritic branches
arborization
93
neurons die in
Alzheimer dementia
94
- cause hippocampal atrophy
- to allow better response to transient stress
reduces cortisol
95
expression in hippocampus, which prevents hippocampal degeneration
prompts nerve growth factor
96
cushions loss of synapses in aging
enlarges neural networks
97
- reduces cortisol
- prompts nerve growth factor
- enlarges neural networks
enriched early experience
98
living in active environments and involvement in cognitive activities reduces cognitive decline
late enriched experience helps too
