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Introduction To Neuroscience > Learning and Memory > Flashcards

Learning and Memory Flashcards

1
Q
  • Korsakoff syndrome
  • alcohol abuse
  • nystagmus and dysmetria
  • gait was mildly ataxic
A

Oscar

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2
Q

‘______ ______ is absolutely dynamic’

A

Human memory

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3
Q

are not statically ‘archived’ in neocortex but are subject to constant chance by various influences

A

Memories

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4
Q

different memories have different _____ ______

A

time courses

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5
Q
  • outlasts STM but not permanent
  • what you ate yesterday
A

Intermediate-term

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6
Q

is the process of storing new information

A

Learning

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7
Q

ability to store information

A

memory (a process)

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8
Q

specific information stored in a brain

A

memory (a content)

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9
Q

Remembering your first day in school (about you)

A

Episodic

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10
Q

Knowing the capital of France (about something random)

A

Semantic

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11
Q

Knowing how to ride a bicycle (showing how to do it)

A

Skill learning

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12
Q
  • surgery removed amygdala, hippocampus, and temporal cortex on both sides
  • profound anterograde amnesia
  • short term memory normal
A

Henry Molaison (Patient H.M.)

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13
Q

H.M.’s memory deficit was severe, but only on _____ _____

A

verbal tasks

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14
Q
  • radar tech
  • was stabbed through his right nostril, then leftward into his brain
  • damage to mediodorsal thalamus, mammillary bodies
  • normal short term memory but cannot form long term declarative memory
A

Patient N.A.

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15
Q

Patient N.A. had damage to the ________ _________ and _______ _________

A

mediodorsal thalamus, mammillary bodies

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16
Q
  • amnesia caused by a lack of thiamine
  • especially in chronic alcoholics (Oscar)
A

Korsakoff syndrome

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17
Q
  • rode his motorcycle off an exit ramp
  • was comatose with dilated fixed pupils
  • had a bilateral hippocampal injury
A

Patient K.C.

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18
Q

Patient K.C.’s diagnosis

A

bilateral hippocampal injury

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19
Q
  • can acquire new semantic memories
  • ex: layout of his house
A

K.C.’s semantic knowledge is spared

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20
Q
  • no personal details can be recalled
  • ex: severe injury at families cottage that caused surgery and crutches for over 6 months
A

K.C.’s episodic memory is obliterated

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21
Q
  • not importance of information
  • helps memory
A

emotional arousal

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22
Q
  • person experiences their first kiss
  • body is strongly aroused
  • context is obvious
A

Initial experience

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23
Q

Seperate nodes for emotions, sounds, smells, colors, tactile and other sensations

A

Memory is stored un network

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24
Q
  • unwanted recall of fearful stimuli creates a fee-forward loop
  • each recall causes emotional reaction that reinforces that memory
A

Post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)

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25
Q
  • increases serotonin and oxytocin
  • inhibits the amygdala
  • now approved for PTSD treatment
A

Ecstasy

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26
Q

words and pictures are linked in our ______

A

brain (in the corpus colosseum)

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27
Q

________ is not location of long-term memory

A

Hippocampus

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28
Q
  • of memory involves hippocampus
  • takes time to occur
  • vulnerable
  • changed upon recall/restorage
A

Consolidation

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29
Q

after learning enhances memory processing in hippocampus

A

sleep

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30
Q

sleep induces _______ _______ between hippocampus and medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC)

A

information transfer

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31
Q

This transfer _____ ______, so new memories become stable

A

consolidates memories

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32
Q

_______ is changed upon recall/restorage

A

Memory (eye-witness testimony)

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33
Q
  • ‘it hit’ vs ‘it smashed’
  • higher speed when ‘smashed’ vs ‘hit’
  • broken glass seen when ‘smashed’
A

Elizabeth Loftus (car accident)

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34
Q
  • encoding episodic memories
  • retrieving episodic memories
A

Hippocampal memory system

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35
Q
  • sensorimotor skills
  • perceptual skills
  • cognitive skills
A

skill learning

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36
Q

mirror tracing

A

sensorimotor skills

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37
Q

learning to read mirror-reversed text

A

perceptual skills

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38
Q

planning and problem solving

A

cognitive skills

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39
Q
  • new declarative memories
  • temporal/spatial memory
A

hippocampus

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40
Q
  • memories that involve emotions
  • PTSD, fear
A

amygdala

41
Q
  • source memory
  • ‘memory for context in which something was learned’
  • remembering how you learned something
A

prefrontal cortex

42
Q

Older people show impaired internally generated memory, but respond well to ______ _____

A

external cues

43
Q

_______ and _______ memories remain stable

A

autobiographical, semantic

44
Q
  • spreads through the brain
  • cerebral cortex shrinks as neurons die
A

Alzheimer dementia (disease)

45
Q
  • loss of recent memory
  • faulty judgment
  • personality changes
A

mild alzheimer progression

46
Q
  • verbal and physical aggression
  • agitation
  • wandering
  • sleep disturbances
  • delusions
A

moderate alzheimer progression

47
Q
  • loss of all reasoning
  • bedridden
  • incontinence
A

severe alzheimer progression

48
Q

extracellular accumulation of beta-A4 amyloid

A

plaques

49
Q

intracellular accumulation of tau

A

neurofibrillary tangles

50
Q

protein ___ stabilizes microtubules

A

tau

51
Q

In AD, tau changes so microtubules ______

A

collapse

52
Q

tau proteins _____ to form neurofibrillary tangles

A

clump

53
Q

______ converts tau from a normal to a toxic state

A

AmyloidB

54
Q

amyloid and tau _____ ___ in brains of Alzheimer patients

A

build up

55
Q

AmyloidB is produced from amyloid precursor protein in membrane of neurons

A

Build up part 1

56
Q

in synapses between neurons, amyloidB clumps (plaques)

A

Build up part 2

57
Q

amyloidB clumps outside and in blood vessels active microglial cells to release inflammatory chemicals

A

Build up part 4

58
Q

misfiled tau aggregates into neurofibrillary tangles inside neurons

A

Build up part 5

59
Q

misfiled tau passes through synapses to other neurons, where it triggers further misfolding of tau

A

Build up part 6

60
Q

process repeats and the disease spreads from neuron to neuron

A

Build up part 7

61
Q
  • forgetting where you left things
  • having troubling remembering what you just read
  • walking into a room and forgetting why you entered
  • not being able to retrieve information
  • blocking (calling someone by a different name)
A

Normal forgetfulness

62
Q

mechanisms of memory stage

A

change in synapses

63
Q

first proposed that memory is stored as an anatomical change in the strength of neural connections

A

Ramón y Cajal (1894)

64
Q

a synapse is ______ if it can change the strength with which it affects its target

A

plastic

65
Q

________ changes at synapses store memory

A

anatomical

66
Q
  • presynaptic, postsynaptic, or both
  • increased neurotransmitter release, or effectiveness of receptors
A

anatomical changes at synapses store memory

67
Q

inputs from other neurons _____ or _____ neurotransmitter release

A

increase, decrease

68
Q
  • if presynaptic axon & postsynaptic neuron are active at the same time-synapse is strengthened
  • if presynaptic axon is active but postsynaptic neuron is inactive- synapse is weakened
A

Don Hebb’s hypothesis

69
Q

Rats raised in enriched condition (Manhattan) had

A
  • behavioral benefits
  • cerebral changes
70
Q
  • promoted better learning and problem solving
  • aided recovery from conditions such as malnutrition
  • protected against age-related decline in memory
A

Behavioral benefits

71
Q

What happens to neuron structure to produce a memory?

A

Dendritic spines changing

72
Q

LTP

A

Long - term potentiation

73
Q

Synapses in LTP are like

A

Hebb synapses

74
Q

Tetanus drives repeated firing

A

Synapses in LTP #1

75
Q

Postsynaptic targets fire repeatedly due to stimulation

A

Synapses in LTP #2

76
Q

Synapses get stronger

A

Synapses in LTP #3

77
Q

AMPA and NMDA receptors in LTP in _______

A

hippocampus

78
Q

glutamate first activates AMPA receptors

A

Receptors in LTP in Hippocampus #1

79
Q

NMDA receptors do not respond until enough AMPA receptors are simulated to partly depolarize neuron

A

Receptors in LTP in Hippocampus #2

80
Q

NMDA receptors at rest have a magnesium ion block their calcium channels

A

Receptors in LTP in Hippocampus #3

81
Q

after partial depolarization Mg++ is removed & NMDA receptors allows Ca++ to enter in response to glutamate

A

Receptors in LTP in Hippocampus #4

82
Q

the large Ca++ influx activates protein kinases
- enzymes that phosphorylate (activate) many things

A

Receptors in LTP in Hippocampus #5

83
Q

Now there are 2 AMPA receptors in membrane, which unblock more NMDA receptors

A

Receptors in LTP in Hippocampus #6

84
Q

AMPA up regulation is _____-______

A

short-lived

85
Q

CREB binds to DNA promoter regions

A

neurochemical cascade during induction of LTP #7

86
Q

CREB changes the transcription rate of genes

A

neurochemical cascade during induction of LTP #8

87
Q

these genes produce proteins to change ______ ______ and contribute to LTP

A

synapse structure

88
Q

other proteins block CREB’s ability to affect gene transcription

A

long-term potentiation

89
Q

they compete with CREB for binding sites and thereby _____ formation of long-term memories

A

disrupt

90
Q
  • increasing postsynaptic receptors
  • increasing transmitter release
A

LTP increases effectiveness of synapses by

91
Q

in normal aging, hippocampal atrophy reflects change in its volume, but not loss of _______, may be a loss of dendritic branches, decreased cell size, or loss of glial cells

A

neurons

92
Q

loss of dendritic branches

A

arborization

93
Q

neurons die in

A

Alzheimer dementia

94
Q
  • cause hippocampal atrophy
  • to allow better response to transient stress
A

reduces cortisol

95
Q

expression in hippocampus, which prevents hippocampal degeneration

A

prompts nerve growth factor

96
Q

cushions loss of synapses in aging

A

enlarges neural networks

97
Q
  • reduces cortisol
  • prompts nerve growth factor
  • enlarges neural networks
A

enriched early experience

98
Q

living in active environments and involvement in cognitive activities reduces cognitive decline

A

late enriched experience helps too

Introduction To Neuroscience (4 decks)

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