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Introduction To Neuroscience > Motor > Flashcards

Motor Flashcards

1
Q

Simple reflexes with brief muscle activation
Ex: eyeblink, hiccup, finger twitch

A

Movements

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2
Q

Complex sequential movements
Ex: honking your car horn, writing your name, playing lead guitar

A

Acts (action patterns)

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3
Q

A set of muscle commands established before the action occurs

A

Motor plan (motor program)

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4
Q
  • most of the brain’s activity
  • preparing to move, moving, correcting ongoing movement
A

Motoric

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5
Q

The only reason we need a brain at all is

A

To move

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6
Q

The whole point of our brain is to

A

Guide movement

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7
Q
  • open-loop control
  • ballistic movements
A

Two control mechanisms optimize accuracy and speed

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8
Q
  • maximizes speed
  • no guiding external feedback
A

Open-loop control

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9
Q
  • rapid
  • completed no matter what sensory feedback is received
A

Ballistic movements

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10
Q
  • closed-loop control
  • ramp movements
A

Two control mechanisms optimize accuracy and speed

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11
Q
  • maximizes accuracy
  • information from what is being controlled flows back to the controlling device
A

Closed-loop control

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12
Q
  • smooth movements
  • slower, sustained motions guided by feedback
A

Ramp movements

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13
Q

-skeletal system and muscles
-spinal cord
-brain stem
-primary motor cortex
-nonprimary motor cortex
-cerebellum and basal ganglia

A

Hierarchy of motor control systems

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14
Q

Power movement

A

Skeletal system and muscles

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15
Q

Control skeletal muscles

A

Spinal cord

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16
Q

Integrates motor commands

A

Brainstem

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17
Q

Initiates commands for action

A

Primary motor cortex

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18
Q

Initiates cortical processing

A

Nonprimary motor cortex

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19
Q

Tweak these systems

A

Cerebellum and basal ganglia

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20
Q

-planning
-initiating
-directing voluntary movements
-descending systems (upper motor neurons)

A

Motor cortex

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21
Q

-basic movements
-posture control
-descending systems (upper motor neurons)

A

Brainstem centers

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22
Q

-reflex coordination
-spinal and brainstem circuits

A

Local circuit neurons

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23
Q

-lower motor neurons
-spinal cord and brainstem circuits

A

Motor neuron pools

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24
Q

Gating proper initiation of movement

A

Basal ganglia

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25
Q

Sensory motor coordination

A

Cerebellum

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26
Q

Muscles that contract when others extended are

A

Antagonists

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27
Q

Muscles that act together are

A

Synergists

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28
Q

Flexor and extensor muscles are balanced

A

At rest

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29
Q

-alternation of flexor-extensor contraction
-normally present, but if poorly regulated it is debilitating

A

Tremor

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30
Q

Biceps and triceps are

A

Antagonists

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31
Q

-a muscle is composed of
-each contain two kinds of regularly arranged, overlapping filaments

A

Muscle fibers

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32
Q

Thick filaments

A

Myosin

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33
Q

Thin filaments

A

Actin

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34
Q

Shortens the fiber length

A

Contraction

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35
Q

Voluntary

A

Striated muscles

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36
Q

-fast twitch muscle fibers
-slow twitch muscle fibers

A

Two types of fibers

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37
Q

-contract slowly but resist fatigue
-first to be recruited
-use fat for fuel

A

Slow twitch fibers

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38
Q

-contract rapidly but fatigue easily
-last to be recruited
-use glucose

A

Fast twitch fibers

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39
Q

Send their axons to innervate muscles

A

Motorneurons

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40
Q

Travel down the motorneuron, which branches into many terminals near its target

A

Action potentials

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41
Q

-motor neuron terminal and muscle fiber meet
-acetylcholine is released

A

Neuromuscular junction

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42
Q

One motorneuron’s axon and all its target fibers

A

Motor unit

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43
Q

Muscles that make fine, precise movements have only a few

A

Muscle fibers per axon

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44
Q

1/13

A

Innervation ratio

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45
Q

Is guided by sensory feedback

A

Action of muscles

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46
Q

Information about body movements and position
Ex: how tiger knows when to start his downswing

A

Proprioception

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47
Q

-muscle spindles
-gogli tendon organs

A

two kinds of muscle proprioceptive receptors

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48
Q

responsive to muscle stretch

A

muscle spindles

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49
Q

respond to muscle contraction, less to stretch

A

togli tendon organs

50
Q

Are like the lad who is too little to play football, so he serves as team statistician

A

Muscle spindles

51
Q

If a muscle is stretched, ______ ______ also stretches

A

muscle spindle

52
Q

Afferent nerve impulses tell ______ ______ of the stretch

A

spinal cord

53
Q

Muscle contracts to maintain ‘_____’ length

A

present

54
Q

Stimulation of ______ _____ _______ inhibits motorneurons, thereby relaxing extreme tension to prevent damage

A

Golgi tendon organs

55
Q
  1. Muscle is stretched
  2. Excitation of muscle spindle afferents
  3. Excitation of motoneurons
  4. Agonist muscle stimulated to oppose stretch
  5. Antagonist muscle is inhibited
A

Stretch Reflex Circuit

56
Q

Muscle is stretched

A

Stretch reflex circuit #1

57
Q

Excitation of muscle spindle afferents

A

Stretch reflex circuit #2

58
Q

Excitation of motoneurons

A

Stretch reflex circuit #3

59
Q

Agonist muscle stimulated to oppose stretch

A

Stretch reflex circuit #4

60
Q

Antagonist muscle is inhibited

A

Stretch reflex circuit #5

61
Q

Touching back of the hand resets the muscle spindles, for a few secs

A

Arm wrestling hack

62
Q

Impaired control of the stretch reflex

A

Spasticity

63
Q

-normally keeps a tight rein (inhibition) on reflex behavior
-reflexes don’t interfere with voluntary movements

A

Motor cortex

64
Q

When normal cortex input is cut off, spinal cord becomes

A

hyperreflexic

65
Q

normal reflexes are exaggerated as in

A

clonus

66
Q

Muscles of the body

A

Pyramidal

67
Q

Muscles of head and neck

A

Extrapyramidal

68
Q
  • direct control
  • Primary motor cortex
  • non primary motor cortex
  • spinal cord
A

Pyramidal

69
Q
  • indirect control
  • basal ganglia
  • thalamus
  • cerebellum
A

Extrapyramidal

70
Q

A two-neuron chain

A

Pyramidal system pathway

71
Q

Upper Motor neuron

A

neuron #1

72
Q

lower motor neuron

A

neuron #2

73
Q

The cross over of the primary motor cortex and the pyramid in the medulla

A

Upper motor neuron

74
Q

From spinal cord to muscle

A

Lower motor neuron

75
Q

changes as a result of learning

A

primary motor cortex

76
Q

early music training results in expansion of

A

motor cortex

77
Q

plans movement

A

nonprimary motor cortex

78
Q
  • M1
  • Primary motor cortex
A

Motor cortex

79
Q

-SMA
-encodes sequences of movements during skill acquisition

A

Supplementary motor area

80
Q

neurons fire just before performing an activity

A

Premotor cortex

81
Q

guides movement through inhibition

A

Cerebellum

82
Q

contains Purkinje cells which only send inhibitory messages

A

Cerebellum cortex

83
Q

modulate movement

A

cerebellum and basal ganglia

84
Q

are more involved in early phase of a movement than SMA and cerebellum

A

Primary motor cortex and basal ganglia

85
Q

need postural adjustment

A

voluntary movements

86
Q
  • predicts postural consequences of planned (pyramidal) movement
  • acts to prevent loss of balance
A

Extrapyramidal system

87
Q

neutral circuit that generates rhythmic behaviors

A

central pattern behavior

88
Q

rhythmic activities, such as walking, are generated in the

A

spinal cord

89
Q

a very long journey

A

input to output

90
Q
  • power
  • largely a pyramidal function
A

strength

91
Q
  • posture
  • largely an extrapyramidal function
A

tone

92
Q

causes weakness

A

pyramidal damage

93
Q

impairs movement control

A

extrapyramidal damage

94
Q

primary disorder of muscle

A

myopathy

95
Q

progressive degeneration of muscle

A

muscular dystrophy

96
Q
  • a protein needed for normal muscle function
  • produced by X chromosome
A

Dystrophin

97
Q
  • an autoimmune disorder
  • patient develops antibodies to their own acetylcholine (ACh) receptors
  • weakness develops over the day and resolves with sleep
A

Myasthenia gravis

98
Q

Tension (acetylcholine agonist) test

A

Myasthenia gravis diagnosis

99
Q
  • destroys spinal motoneurons and sometimes cranial motoneurons
  • no treatment
  • spinal cord with loss of motoneurons
A

Poliovirus (polio)

100
Q
  • Lou Gehrig disease
  • degeneration of motoneurons and consequent loss of their target muscles
A

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)

101
Q
  • result in paralysis
  • reflexes, sensation, and strength below level of the injury are lost
A

spinal cord injuries

102
Q
  • inability to sequence movements
  • no muscle paralysis exists
A

Apraxia

103
Q

motor planning disorder

A

Sequencing

104
Q
  • new acts are ramped (feedback-controlled)
    -slow, variable
A

Frontal and parietal cortex

105
Q
  • well-learned acts are ballistic
  • fast, consistent
A

Cortex and basal ganglia

106
Q
  • tremor
  • bradykinesia
  • shuffling gait
  • postural instability
A

Parkinson’s disease

107
Q

a basal ganglia protein

A

a-synuclein

108
Q
  • a defective gene for a-synuclein
    -an inherited cause of
  • environmental exposures also contribute
A

Parkinson’s disease

109
Q

degeneration of dopamine cells in _________ ______, which project to basal ganglia

A

substantia nigra

110
Q
  • a precursor to dopamine
  • use as a drug improves the symptoms
A

L-dopa

111
Q

dancing hands and feet

A

chorea

112
Q
  • progressive destruction of the caudate nucleus and putamen
  • cerebral cortex also is impaired
A

Huntington chorea

113
Q
  • impairs motor control
    -Purkinje cells die
A

cerebellar damage (ataxia)

114
Q

childhood tumors of

A

cerebellar vermis (ataxia)

115
Q

alcoholism causes

A

gait ataxia (ataxia)

116
Q

inherited degeneration of

A

cerebellum (ataxia)

117
Q
  • abnormal sustained posture
  • basal ganglia dysfunction
A

dystonia (severe)

118
Q

tics and obsessive-compulsive disorder

A

Tourette syndrome

119
Q

basal ganglia and cortex disorder

A

Tourette syndrome

120
Q
  • boys more than girls
  • usually end by adulthood
  • affect face and shoulders more than hands and legs
  • coprolalia (swearing) is rare in children
A

clinical features of Tourette syndrome

121
Q
  • motor cortex damage, such as stroke, causes motor impairment
  • weakness (paresis) of voluntary movements
A

Hemiparetic gait

Introduction To Neuroscience (4 decks)

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