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Psychology Unit 1 > Psychopathologhy > Flashcards

Psychopathologhy Flashcards

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1
Q

Define statistical infrequency

A

Behaviour that is statistically infrequent or very rarely seen in the general population

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2
Q

Define failure to function adequately

A

Behaviour that means that the person is unable to engage or cope with the activities in normal day to day life

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3
Q

Define deviation from ideal mental health

A

When someone does not meet a set of criteria for mental well being e.g. Being unable to make their own decisions or having low self-esteem

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4
Q

Define deviation from social norms

A

Behaviour that is seen as socially unacceptable or undesirable within society

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5
Q

Advantages and disadvantages of statistical infrequent

A

:) it’s very valuable as it enables us to see how common conditions are
:) very objective
:( does not distinguish between infrequent characteristics that are desirable from those that are undesirable
:( fails to take into account the severity of someone’s condition or the impact it does have on their life

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6
Q

Advantages and disadvantages of deviation from social norms

A

:( can result in a form of social control and even persecution
:( may result in ethnocentric biases if psychiatrists do not understand a patients culture
:) can protect society from behaviour that is unacceptable and offensive
:) behaviour that is odd can often be one of the signs that brings someone’s mental illness to the attention of others

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7
Q

Advantages and disadvantages of the failure to function adequately

A

:( many people with mental disorders are functioning quite well
:( people may not be functioning adequately but this does not always mean they have a mental disorder
:) most people seek treatment only when this mental condition is affecting their day to day life
:) allows the severity of abnormal behaviour to be assessed by establishing the extent to which the persons life is affected using a scale like the GAF

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8
Q

Advantages and disadvantages of deviation from ideal mental health

A

:( it would categorise almost everyone as being mentally ill because no one meets all 6 of the criteria
:( difficult to objectively assess people on all six criteria
:) give an outline what individuals and societies should be aiming for in terms of maximising people’s well being

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9
Q

What is autonomy

A

Feeling that you have control of your own future and being able to do what you want and make your own decisions freely

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10
Q

Define a phobia

A

A persistent, intense and irrational fear of certain situations or objects

The fear is out of proportion to the danger posed

The person goes to great lengths to avoid the object or situation that they are afraid of

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11
Q

What are the three main type of phobia

A

Specific- spiders

Social- fear of embarrassment/ humiliation in a public or social situation

Agoraphobia- persistent fear of certain environments

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12
Q

What are behaviour symptoms of a phobia

A

The person will go to great lengths to avoid the phobic situation or to escape from it as soon as possible.

If the person cannot avoid the situation then behaviour signs of the fear may be seen eg shaking, crying, screaming

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13
Q

What are the cognitive symptoms of a phobia

A

The person may show distorted thinking about the phobic stimulus

The person is aware that their fear is irrational

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14
Q

Define depression (unipolar)

A

The two core symptoms of depression are depressed mood most or all of the day and diminished interest in or pleasure in activities

The person must experience at least 5 key symptoms of depression every day for st least two weeks before a diagnosis of depression would be considered

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15
Q

What is bipolar depression

A

The person has periods of weeks where they experience depressed mood with symptoms already described

But they also have phases of mania where the person may show symptoms such as an excessively high or elated mood

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16
Q

What are the behaviour symptoms of depression

A

Lack energy and are very inactive

Sleep problems

Changes in appetite

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17
Q

What are the emotion symptoms of depression

A

Low mood

Irritability- when depressed some people will be more angry then normal

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18
Q

What are the cognitive symptoms of OCD

A

Repetitive and intrusive thoughts and images

Realisation that the thoughts are irrational and self generated

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19
Q

What are the behavioural symptoms of OCD

A

Time spent on it can have serious effects on a persons ability to work/ have relationships

Avoidance- the person may go to great lengths to avoid things that may trigger their obsessional thinking

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20
Q

What is Mowrers tow-process model

A

Acquiring a phobia

Learn to associate the phobic object due to a frightening experience

Classical conditioning

Learns to avoid or escape from the object
Fears reduces when they get away from it

Operant conditioning

Reduction in fear reinforces their avoidance

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21
Q

What is generalisation of a phobia

A

Fear will start to generalise to other objects similar to the one that created the fear

The person who choked on a button may start to have a fear of other small objects

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22
Q

What is observational learning of phobias

A

People may learn to be afraid indirectly by witnessing someone else experiencing intense fear

Children may acquire a fear of spiders if they witness a parent being terrified

Called vicarious learning

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23
Q

What is systematic desensitisation

A

Before exposing the patient to their phobia they are trained in relaxation techniques

1) trained in deep muscle relaxation
2) draw up a fear hierarchy
3) get into relaxed state
4) asked to imagine the first step of their hierarchy
5) move to next step- real life exposure

24
Q

Evaluation of systematic desensitisation

A

:) acceptable to patients
:) easier to explain- more appropriate than flooding for children
:( time consuming

25
Q

What is flooding

A

Going to the top of someone’s fear hierarchy and exposing them to the thing that they are most afraid of for a prolonged period of time

26
Q

Evaluation of flooding

A

:) can be a rapid and effective treatment

:; ethical issues are raised- very distressing

27
Q

What is necks cognitive triad

A

Self
World
Future

28
Q

What us cognitive behaviour therapy and what’s its main aim

A

Focuses on the problems that the patient has in the here and now

The main aim is to change dysfunctional thinking

29
Q

How long does CBT for depression last

A

5-20 sessions

30
Q

How would people identify the distorted thinking

A

Thought diary

31
Q

What are the two important steps in CBT

A

Identify the distorted thinking

Challenge the distorted thinking

32
Q

What are the two steps in challenging dysfunctional thinking

A

Socratic questioning

Collaborative empiricism

33
Q

What is Socratic questioning

A

Therapist asks the patient a series of questions to help the patient discover new ways of thinking

Therapist asks questions to guide the patient to thinking about whether being hard on hers,et is really helpful

34
Q

What is collaborative empiricism

A

Patients are encouraged to view their beliefs as hypothesis to be systematically tested by gathering evidence

They work together to test the beliefs in a scientific way

35
Q

What is OCD cause by

A

Neural Abnormalities in the brain

May be partly cause by genes

Assumed to be a illness which can be treated using medical methods

36
Q

What are the key areas of the brain involved in these circuits

A

Basal ganglia

Or into- frontal cortex

37
Q

What are neurotransmitters

A

Chemicals in the brain that allow messages to be sent between brain cells across the synapse

38
Q

What is polygenic

A

Linked to many genres and not just a single gene

Up to 230

39
Q

What is MZ and dz

A

MZ- identical twins- share 100% of Dna

Dz- non-identical twins- share 50% of dna

Less likely to have OCD - dz twins

40
Q

What is an example of a SSRI and a typical dose

A

Fluoxetine

20mg a day

41
Q

What is a typical length of treatment

A

3-4 months

At the end of the course of treatment the medication is usually stopped gradually to prevent any withdrawal symptoms

42
Q

Who can prescribe the SSRI and what effect do SSRI have on the brain

A

GP/ psychiatrist

Reduce re-uptake of serotonin back into pre-synapse

Serotonin stays in the gap for longer

Serotonin increased

43
Q

What are the side effects

A 
Irritability 
Sleep disturbances 
Headaches 
Reduce sex drive 
Suicidal thinking
44
Q

Appropriateness of biological treatments for OCD

A

:)Although it rarely cures OCD, even a small reduction in symptoms can reduce persons distress

:) relatively cost effective- taken easily

:( side effects are unpleasant
:( fluoxetine is not good for young children

45
Q

Define OCD

A

An anxiety disorder in which the person experiences persistent intrusive thoughts that they find extremely unpleasant and upsetting

46
Q

What’s Ellis cognitive model of depression

A

Depression is not just the result of unpleasant events but depends on the persons beliefs

Negative thing in - likely to feel depressed

A- adverse event
B- beliefs
C- consequences

47
Q

What’s necks cognitive approach to depression

A

Negative schemea- extreme negative thinking
Cognitive errors-
Biased memories

More likely to suffer from depression
Tend to develop in childhood
Can also lay dormant and become activated if there is a triggering event later in life

48
Q

What are the key sy,toms of OCD

A

Obsessions- intrusive thoughts that the person finds extremely unpleasant

Compulsions- repetitive, irresistible urge to perform a behaviour

49
Q

What is the evidence for abnormalities in activity in the basal ganglia

A

Brain scanning studies- Paul a sue

OCD like symptoms

50
Q

What are the emotional symptoms of s phobia

A

Experience intense fear or feelings of panic

The fear is excessive and out of proportion to the danger posed

51
Q

What are the cognitive symptoms of depression

A

Distorted negative thinking

Thoughts of death

Poor concentration

52
Q

Emotional symptoms of OCD

A

Intense anxiety

Feeling of panic when the intrusive though occur if prevented from carrying out compulsive behaviour

The person May Feel guilt and disgust At the thoughts that they are having

53
Q

Behavioural explanation of phobias

A

Argues that phobias the fear and avoidance behaviours in phobias are learned as a result of s frightening experience

Unlearned through behavioural therapy

54
Q

What is a behavioural treatment for phobias

A

Exposure to fear d object in order to unlearn the association between the phobic stimulus and fear

Gradual weakening of a conditioned response

Person needs to encounter the thing that they are afraid of with no unpleasant event

Prevented from escaping or trying to avoid the object in any way

55
Q

What are the six factors from ideal mental health

A 
Positive attitudes towards yourself 
Accurate perception of reality 
Resistance to stress 
Autonomy 
Mastery of the environment 
Self- actualisation
56
Q

What are cognitive errors and examples

A

Catastrophising someone always assumes something will happen

Applying a negative filter - ignite positive

57
Q

What is the appropriateness of CBT for depression

A

:) straightforward and appears sensible
:) time limited- not time consuming
:( not suitable for patients with severe depression
:( sometimes patients have realistically very difficult lives and altering thinking may be impossible

Psychology Unit 1 (4 decks)

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